Wk7.1 Learning and Memory

Question 1

What is the definition of Learning and Memory?

Answer 1

Learning-Knowledge or skills through studying or being taugh

Memory-Minds stores and remembers information

Question 2

1.What are the two types of memory?
2. What do they do?

Answer 2

1. Non-declarative (Implicit) and Declarative (Explicit)
2. Implicit- unconsciously memory and Ability to perform something e.g. reflexive motor.

-Includes both associative andnon-associative learning

-Explict = deliberaterly memory and factual knowledge e.g names and places

Question 3

What are the types of implict memory and what they do?

Answer 3

Non-associative learning: results when a subject is exposed once or repeatedly toa single type of stimulus

Associative learning: The subject learnsabout the relationship between 2 stimulior a stimuli and behaviour

Question 4

What are the two types of explit memory?

Answer 4

Episodic: Memory for events andpersonal experience

Semantic: Memory of facts

Question 5

What are the Four stages of memory processing?

Answer 5

• Encoding: process by which newly learnt information is attended too when first encountered.
• Consolidation: processes that alter the newly stored information so as to make it suitable for long-term storage.
• Storage: mechanism whereby memory is stored over time.
• Retrieval: processes that permit the recall of stored information

Question 6

1.What is amnesia?
2. What are the two types?

Answer 6

1.Loss of memory function
2.Rerograde- loss of previous memories

Anterograde- Inability to form new memories

Question 7

What are the two forms of non- associated learning?

Answer 7

Habituation
Sensitisation

Question 8

What is aplysia?

Answer 8

Marine snail

Question 9

How does habituation and sensitization in Aplysia?

Answer 9

Gills and siphon withdrawal reflex- electrical stimulation of the siphon causes withdrawal of the gill and siphon

Question 10

What the hipposcampus do?

Answer 10

Takes learnt information can be changed and stored for long term

Question 11

How does LTP work

Answer 11

1. Sensory signals transcribed in the cortex then transmitted to the hippocampus
   
   2. If a signal is strong or repeated a long term memory is established and wired back to the cortex for storage
   3. Synaptic plasticity= frequent used synapses are strengthened and used whereas rarely used ones are eliminated
   4. New memories are formed when neurons establish new connections or strengthen existing synapse
   5. If a memory is no longer needed the corresponding synapses will slowly weaken and disappear
   6. High frequency or repeated stimulations strengthen synaptic connection over time this is known as long tern potentiation
   7. LTP is best studied as the glutamate synapse of the hippocampus
   8. When the glumatergic neuron is stimulated the AP travel down the axon and trigger release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft
   9. Glutamate binds to the receptors on the post synaptic neuron
      Early stage of LTP activates Ca which enhances synaptic communication as PKC (LP blockage= block in learning)

Question 12

What is involved in expilict memory?

Answer 12

Long-term potentiation – mechanism of storing explicit memory

Hippocampus – Main structure involved in the storage of explicit memory

Question 13

How does NMDA and AMPA work in Cellular mechanism of early LTP

Answer 13

• If they fire together they activate both receptors the Ampa is activated first as it is easy activated compared to NMDA because NMDA is block by mg and the mg needs to be removed first.
  
  • Calcium enters the cell
  • Calcium is a messenger and it activates other proteins an kinases which allow change to happen in this case it activate nitric oxide
  • Nitric oxide feeds back and increase more release of glutamate
    No new proteins or synapses= short term

Question 14

What is Hebbs rules?

Answer 14

Repeated neuronal activity will producephysical changes in nervous system –SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY