Wk.8 L1 - Hypertension

Question 1

LO

Answer 1

Hypertension
* Blood pressure
* Primary hypertension
* Secondary hypertension
* Hypertension-mediated organ damage

Question 2

What Is Blood Pressure

Answer 2

Amount of pressure blood exerts against the arteries

Systolic:
- When the heart contracts or beats

Diastolic:
- When heart relaxes

Question 3

Classifying Hypertension

Answer 3

Normal = 120/80

Hypertension = >130/ >80
- Can be Isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension

Stage 1
Stage 2
Hypertensive crisis

Question 4

Regulating Blood Pressure

Answer 4

Factors influencing blood pressure:
- CO
- Blood volume
- Peripheral resistance

CO:
- HR x SV

Peripheral resistance:
- Constriction and dilation
- Neuronal factors
- Hormonal factors
- Inflammation

Question 5

Defining Hypertension

Answer 5

• Over 1b ppl (>25% of Australians)
• Higher prevalence in males
• Primary hypertension: no identifiable cause (90% cases)
• Secondary hypertension: identifiable underlying cause (10% cases)

Question 6

Primary Hypertension

Answer 6

Clinically silent (No identifiable cause)
Only identified through BP measured during a check-up

Risk factors:
- Age, race, male sex, familial history
- Diabetes and dyslipidaemia
- Stress, smoking, sodium, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

Question 7

Secondary Hypertension

Answer 7

Identifyable causes:
- Low renal blood flow
- Primary aldosteronism
- Tumours of the adrenal glands/neuroendocrine glands

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS):
- Blood volume and vasoconstriction regulation
- Renin released by kidneys when blood flow is low
- Renin comes into contact with Angiotensinogen (protein), converting it into Angiotensin 1 & 2
- Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing peripheral resistance.

Question 8

Angiotensin 2

Answer 8

• Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing peripheral resistance.
• Targets Aldosterone and Vasopresin release, both are hormones which regulate the kidneys intake and storage of sodium and potassium
• Increasing water tretension, bringing water into the bloodstreak, increasing the blood volume and hence pressure

Question 9

Underlying Issue with Hypertension

Answer 9

Prolonged high pressure on artery walls promotes:
- Fibrotic changes (reducing elasticity)
- Endothelial damage

Most common risk factor for CVD:
- ischemia
- Atherosclerosis and CAD
- Aneurysm and aortic dissections
- Hypertrophy (LV)
- Heart failure