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OCR A Level History > Women's Civil Rights 1865-1992 > Flashcards

Women's Civil Rights 1865-1992 Flashcards

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1
Q

What proportion of all unmarried women already worked in domestic occupations or factories by 1870?

A

13%

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2
Q

Why were married women originally barred from working outside the home? What profession exceptions are there?

A

Because upon marriage women were expected to give up work and devote their time to the home. Exceptions included laundry working, mending or taking lodgers.

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3
Q

Did the 15th Amendment exclude women?

A

Yes.

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4
Q

Where could unmarried women with high-school education work by the 1890s? How much could they earn?

A

In business offices earning around $7 a week.

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5
Q

What proportion of the workforce was made up by women by 1900?

A

17%.

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6
Q

By 1900 what was the working situation for young immigrant women?

A

Most were working 70-hour weeks for just $5.

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7
Q

Was migration more rural-urban or more urban-rural in by the turn of the 20th century? Why? What stat is there to prove this? [3]

A

More rural-urban (This was due to the huge increase in the mechanisation of farming with the turn of the 20th century)

  • Put many women out of work
  • Farmers went from 53% of the workforce in 1870 to 37.5% in 1900.
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8
Q

What was the birth rate in 1850 and 1900 respectively?

A

1850: 5.42 children per family

1900: 3.56 children per family

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9
Q

Why did the decreasing birth rate between 1850 and 1900 not lead to married women increasing in employment?

A

“Because according to the existing concept of ‘separate spheres’ this time was used to encourage women to spend more time helping the children and family.”

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10
Q

What evidence is there of increasing female education and financial independence by 1900? [2]

A
  • In 1880 1 in 21 marriages ended in divorce; But in 1900 1 in 12 marriages ended in divorce
  • This shows that women were becoming more and more financially independent and thus felt less forced to remain in relationships with men due to financial dependence on them
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11
Q

When and where did Jane Addams establish Hull House?

A

In Chicago in 1889.

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12
Q

What did Hull House aim to do? [2]

A
  • Hull House supported the settlement of newly arrived immigrant families
  • Hull House also urged politicians to address slumming and other problems around it
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13
Q

When was the Women’s Temperance Crusade? What organisation ran this and what were their aims? How did they manipulate ““separate spheres?

A
  • 1873
  • Ran by the WCTU (Women’s Christian Temperance Union) which sought to ban alcoholic beverages.
  • They used their role as mothers and family caretakers to argue that alcohol was impacting the household and thus took widespread active measures to ban it.
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14
Q

When was the NCL (National Consumers League) set? How did it seek to push for women’s rights in the workplace? [3]

A
  • The NCL was set up in 1899
  • Pressuring improvement in female sales clerks’ wages in local businesses
  • Pressuring for protective legislation for women and children in the workplace and improve working conditions
  • Pressure on state governments to provide aid for mothers and improved facilities for children and young people – better schools and playgrounds for example
  • Encouraging consumers to boycott goods which did not display the NCL White Label
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15
Q

When was the NACW (Nations Association of Colored Women) set up? What was its membership by 1915?

A

It was set up in 1896. It reached 50,000 members by 1916.

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16
Q

When was the American Woman Suffrage Movement (AWSA) formed? By who?

A

Formed in 1869 by Lucy Stone.

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17
Q

When was the National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) formed? By who? How was it different to AWSA?

A
  • It was formed in 1869 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • While AWSA was more concerned with gaining suffrage be it for even black men as well as black and white women, NWSA was more focused on gender equality though did also care about race.
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18
Q

When did NWSA and AWSA join? What was the membership of this new organisation by 1915?

Bonus: By 1905?

A

They joined to form NAWSA in 1890 and had 100,000 by 1915

17,000 by 1905.

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19
Q

What was the impact of women’s voting groups by 1920? [2]

A
  • By 1918 20 states had given women the right to vote in state elections
  • Wilson called for a constitutional amendment in 1918 giving women the vote - approved by Congress in 1919
  • Led to the 19th Amendment in 1920
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20
Q

How many women served as nurses, clerical workers and telephone operators in WW1?

A

11,000

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21
Q

How many women worked in industry in 1917-8?

A

1 million.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: During the 1920s the percentage of working class married women in the workforce went from __% to __%

A

23% to 29%

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: During the 1930s the number of female members of unions increased from _____ to _____.

A

265,000 to 800,000

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24
Q

According to a 1936 Gallup poll, what proportion of Americans were opposed to women in the workforce?

A

82%

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25
What proprtion of married women were employed in 1930? Why was this important at the time?
12%. This was important as the Depression strengthened the idea that both adults in a family needed to be working in order to increase working class spending power and live a better life.
26
What did the 1936 Social Security Act do?
It introduced welfare benefits for poor families benefitting married women but not specifically intended for them
27
What did the 1935 Aid to Dependent Children Act do?
It helped women with large families who were unable to work and with no male head of the household which often humiliated women who had to go through this process.
28
What did the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act do? What notable example of this is there?
* It set a new minimum wage but still did not give women equal pay to men. * For example a female teacher in 1939 still earned 20% less than a male teacher.
29
Who was the first woman to sit in the House of Representatives? When was this?
Jeanette Rankin of Montana, elected in 1917.
30
By 1939 how many women had entered politics? State 3 examples. [4]
* Only 9 women had entered politics. * Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first female Director of the Mint * Florence Allen became the first woman to judge on the US Circuit of Appeals * Mary McLeod Bethune became the first black women to enter government as the Director of Negro Affairs * Frances Perkins became the first female Cabinet member as Labor Secretary in 1933/
31
What notable female political figure was present during the Depression to aid the Women's Rights movement?
Eleanor Roosevelt. ## Footnote Evidence of her support is her membership with the Women's Trade Union League (formed in 1921)
32
What evidence is there of legislation favouring women being very short-lived in the 1920s? [2]
* A Women’s Bureau was established in the Department of Labour in 1920 * The Shepherd-Towner Act (1921) made maternity and infant health education funds available until it was terminated in 1929 * There was legislation to ban the employment of U14s but it was overthrown by the Supreme Court in 1922
33
What was the new social group that emerged among women in the 1920s? What did they represent? [2]
* There was a new social emergence of “flappers” wearing shorter clothes, with bobbed hair and often engaging in more promiscuous behaviour * They represented a new freedom of expression as women didn’t embrace the culture of their grandmothers and mothers. * This was also emphasised in popular literature such as those of F. Scott Fitzgerald including The Great Gatsby
34
What was the 18th Amendment? When was it passed? When was it repealed?
The 18th Amendment banning the sale, import, transport and manufacture of alcohol was passed in **1919** and **repealed** by the **21st Amendment** in **1933**.
35
What was the Anti-Saloon League? When was it formed? How successful was it? [2]
* This was a non-partisan organisation formed in 1893 which quickly allied itself with the WCTU following Willard’s death in 1898 * They together employed lobbying tactics and joint campaigns to enact prohibition laws * This succeeded in 9 states
36
What does the failure of the Molly Pitcher Club in the early 1920s say about "separate spheres"?
It says that initially in the 1920s the use of separate spheres to defend the homespace was still a hugely convincing argument which spelt out that in fact women's civil rights in one specific way had not progressed much between 1865 and 1922.
37
Who formed the Women's Organisation for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR)? How many members did it have by 1931?
Pauline Sabin. It had 1.5m members nationwide by 1931.
38
Why was the WONPR so successful? [4]
* Moreover by the late 1920s the WCTU had become more of a working-class organisation and had lost some of its lobbying and policy influence * Sabin and the core membership of the WONPR on the other hand were upper class and well-connectedwhich extended their influence * The WONPR used the WCTU’s methods very well against them * They relentlessly lobbied and pressured congressmen * BUT they did not claim any religious philosophyAnd they promoted themselves as non-partisan and thus gained Republican and Democratic allies. * The Great Depression and thus floundering economy led FDR to reopen the liquor industry to create job opportunity tax revenue and income.
39
By how much did gender segregation decrease between 1970 and 1980?
10%
40
By 1970 what proportion of married women had a job? What was this by 1989?
47% 73%
41
What proportion of managers and executives were women during the 1970s?
5%
42
Fill in the gap: By 1992, women were earning approximately __% of men’s pay
98%
43
True of false: by 1992 there was no law mandating companies to pay maternity leave.
True.
44
What feminist movements were there in the 1960s and 1970s and what did they stand for? [4]
* The Feminists - abolition of marriage * Radicalesbians - women only liberated through lesbianism(In addition to NOW and NARAL)
45
What book did Gloria Steinem publish and when? How many copies did it sell by the end of the year?
Ms in 1972. Sold over 200,000 copies by the end of the year.
46
What proportion of girls aged 15-19 wanted to be housewives in 1968 and 1978?
65% to 25%
47
What proportion of women considered themselves feminists in 1986?
56%
48
How much did male support for gender equality go up between 1970 and 1990?
Just 7%
49
What was the Roe v Wade decision? When was it made?
SCOTUS establishes a woman's constitutional right to an abortion in 1973.
50
What and when was the Hyde Amendment?
An amendment to the Roe v Wade decision banning the use of federal funding for abortion in 1976
51
Who was a prominent female conservative in the 1970s and 1980s and what book did she publish?
Phylis Schlafly - The Power of the Positive Woman
52
What was the difference in men and women voting for Reagan in 1981?
8%
53
When was the ERA introduced and by when was it clear that it wouldn't pass?
In 1972 and clear to fail by 1979.
54
How many women had put themselves forward for election to Congress in 1968 and 1990?
20 and 78
55
Who was the first woman elected state governor and when?
Ella Grasso in 1974
56
What proportion of women would vote for a female President in 1978 and 1992?
76% and 86%
57
What was the Equal Credit Opportunity Act?
1974 legislation banning discrimination in access to bank loans mortgages and credit cards
58
Why did married women work? (stat)
By 1964 42% of married women had to work because their husbands earned under $10,000
59
What was the effect of WW2 on the female workforce? [3]
* By 1945 there were 5m more working women than 1940 - many of them married * 350,000 women joined the armed forvces * 75% wanted to remain in paid employment after the war. * Divorce rates rose by 8%
60
Talk to me about the expansion of emplyoment opportunities in the 1960s. [1]
Service industry surpassed the manufacturing industry as the majority of national income Space race begun
61
What was the impact of the female (second) income on families? (restaurant stat) [1]
95% more spent on restaurants and meals. Daughters were more confident
62
Why/how were female values changing in the 1950s? [2]
* Average number of children per family decreased by 0.65 in 10 years (1950-60) * Marriage rates reached an all-time in the 1950s * The median age for marriage was 20 in the 1950s
63
What was the 'new feminism' wave? [4]
* A group challenging the 'separate spheres' idea * More aggressive tactics such as protesting * Women did not collectively vote for one candidate still * Disillusionment with old feminism and JFKs failure to deliver new policies
64
Why was JFK ineffective with women policies?
His President's Commission on the Status of Women gave mixed signals - the Equal Pay Act was positive but the marriage training programs reinforced separate spheres.
65
What was the involvement of women in politics 1941-69? [2]
* Disillusioned with the CRA because it had a shallow impact on women * Lack of female presence in politics and lack of repsect for female issues * Only 11 female congresswomen by 1969
66
When were NOW and NARAL founded and by who? [3]
* NOW (National Organisation for Women) - 1966; lobbied US senators and filed govt lawsuits like Iowa Fire Dept when refusing to allow female firefighter to breastfeed on break in 1979 * NARAL (National Organisation for the Repeal of Abortion Law) - 1969; campaigned fervently for the repeal of abortion law * Both by Betty Friedan who published the Feminine Mystique
67
Name the court cases pertinent to the issue of Women's Civil Rights 1865-1992. [5]
* 1873 Bradwell v Illinois - upheld that women are not allowed to become lawyers * 1875 Minor v Happersett - voting was not guaranteed to women by the 14th Amendment * 1908 Muller v Oregon - limited women's working hours to 10 hours (good but meant it emphasised separate spheres) * 1973 Roe v Wade - guaranteed a woman's constitutional right to an abortion from the 14th Amendment * 1986 Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson - sexual harassment was ruled as job discrimination
68
What were the Comstock Laws and when were they enforced? When were they repealed?
They came about in 1873 banning the sale of contraceptives. Began to be repealed with the 1973 Roe v Wade decision

OCR A Level History (6 decks)

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