Working With Papers And Boards

Question 1

Common fibre sources:

Answer 1

Waste sugarcane, hemp, timbers, potatoes, flax, straw, cotton, bamboo.

Question 2

The best cellulose fibres come from what source?

Answer 2

Timbers as the fibres are strong.

Question 3

Hardwood fibres

Answer 3

Are longer and produce a higher quality paper.

Question 4

Softwood fibres

Answer 4

More commonly used as they can be grown quickly. This is due to the high demand for paper.

Question 5

Lignin

Answer 5

Bonds the cellulose fibres in the wood. These bonds need to be broken to make the pulp.

Question 6

Polyethylene

Answer 6

Will increase the gloss and wet strength of the paper

Question 7

Brightening agents

Answer 7

Added to make the paper white e.g bleach

Question 8

Fillers

Answer 8

Clay and calcium carbonate are added to smoothen the paper.

Question 9

Internal sizing

Answer 9

Is added to the pulp to affect the paper’s ability to run smoothly through the machines.

Question 10

Surface sizing

Answer 10

Is added to improve strength, reduce absorbency and hence improves printability.

Question 11

What is added to break down the lignin when producing paper?

Answer 11

Acetic and and other chemicals. Pulp is then washed to remove any acidic solutions left in the pulp once the lignin bonds have been broken down.

Question 12

What is the wood pulp heated to?

Answer 12

140 °C

Question 13

Lots of ____ is used in the manufacture of paper.

Answer 13

Water

Question 14

What is the paper’s texture created by?

Answer 14

Felt roller covered in a woven wire.

Question 15

Die cutting is used to

Answer 15

Score, perforate and crease the paper in one action.

Question 16

What is the die made from in die cutting?

Answer 16

Plywood that is laser cut from a CAD drawing.

Question 17

What is the die in die cutting?

Answer 17

Metal rules (usually steel) are embedded in the desired shape in the laser cut plywood form.

Question 18

Laminated product are hard/easy to recycle.

Answer 18

Hard

Question 19

Why can’t serviettes be recycled.

Answer 19

Can contain grease and food scraps. The short fibres are too short to make a quality recycled paper.

Question 20

Paper towels and toilet paper can be ______

Answer 20

Composted

Question 21

Each tone of recycled paper saves over __________ trees from being felled and ______ of landfill space.

Answer 21

20-30, 3 cubic metres

Question 22

Problem with recycled paper

Answer 22

It is not as strong as virgin paper.

Question 23

How many times can newspaper be recycled before the fibres become too short to bind together?

Answer 23

6

Question 24

How many trees are cut down each year to produce papers and boards?

Answer 24

Around 4 million

Question 25

Most unleaded paper is easy to be recycled. It needs to be

Answer 25

De-inked, pulped and bleached.

Question 26

Creasing

Answer 26

Creasing compresses the cellulose fibres which allows paper or board to fold more easily. The compressed fibres reduce the thickness of the material, improving flexibility and reducing splitting of fibres.

Question 27

Dice cutters are also used to create

Answer 27

Kiss cuts for peel and stick products like stickers and labels. Rotary die cutters can be web fed or sheet fed.

Question 28

Rotary die cutting

Answer 28

Higher set up costs but more efficient and more accurate. Faster than flat bed die cutting and cost effective with high-volumes. Less waste produced than flat bed dies and tighter tolerances can be achieved.

Question 30

Flat bed die cutting

Answer 30

Best suited to low volume production, dies can be changed swiftly, which reduces downtime.

Question 31

What can be changed on laser cutters?

Answer 31

Speed, power, beam focus

Question 32

Laser cutting pros and cons

Answer 32

Ideal for personalised products, prototypes and short production runs. Design files can be edited easily so you can respond quickly to market trends. Die cutting has higher set up costs but its much faster and thicker materials can be cut without burns along the cut lines.

Question 33

PVA

Answer 33

Water based white glue that dries clear. Can be applied with a roller or brush for fast coverage but is only suitable for use with absorbent substrates. Can be watered down to seal porous materials and used in decoupage. Must be applied thinly to avoid wrinkling.

Question 34

Hot melt glues

Answer 34

Easily integrates into automated, high speed manufacturing lines. Dries quickly and bonds dissimilar materials. Makes packaging easy to open. Not suitable for heat sensitive materials as it can damage the substrate.

Question 35

Solvent cements

Answer 35

Polystyrene cement can be used to fuse foam core together. It must be used sparingly otherwise too much of the material will dissolve. Polystyrene cement emits toxic fumes so must be used in a well ventilated area.

Question 36

Contact adhesives

Answer 36

Can bond dissimilar materials but only suitable for weave weight boards as it is too wet for thinner substrates. Solvent based so should be used with caution. Thick consistency so can be difficult to apply. The adhesive is applied to both of the surfaces to be bonded and is then left to go tacky - it bonds on contact.

Question 37

Adhesive tapes

Answer 37

Provides an instant bond, ideal for sealing parcels, joining materials edge to edge and scrapbooking. With the exception of masking tape, most will cause damage if removed. Customised tape can be used to promote a brand or alert a potential hazard.

Question 38

Fixing with components

Answer 38

Used to attach dissimilar materials. Rivets, eyelets can be used to join dissimilar sheet materials and fabric. They can create spinning parts and add reinforcement. Rivets also add an aesthetic accent to key features.

Question 39

Fixtures

Answer 39

Holds the workpiece in position while a task is performed.

Question 40

Screen printing

Answer 40

Can be set up in a home workshop or on an industrial scale. Jigs are used to speed up production and help align the screens as different colours are applied. Set-up costs are fairly low as the screens can be cleaned and reused for other jobs. with the right ink, it can be used on any substrate.