XI Chap 3 Plant Kingdom Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae) come under the group ‘algae’. T or F?
A
False, in earlier classifications but not anymore
2
Q
Earliest systems of classification used only __________
A
gross superficial morphological characters
3
Q
Earlier systems of plant classification based on _______________ or ________________ were artificial
A
vegetative characters,
androecium structure
4
Q
More recent systems of classification that consider not just external but also internal characters such as anatomy, embryology, etc. are termed __________ systems
A
natural classification systems
5
Q
Natural classification system for flowering plants was given by __________
A
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
6
Q
At present, __________ classification systems based on evolutionary relationships between various organisms are acceptable.
A
phylogenetic
7
Q
What is the assumption underlying phylogenetic classification systems?
A
Organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor
8
Q
__________ is now easily carried out using computers and is based on all observable characteristics
A
Numerical Taxonomy
9
Q
_____taxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number
A
Cytotaxonomy
10
Q
_____taxonomy is based on chemical constituents of the plant
A
chemotaxonomy
11
Q
__________ are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic (fresh water and marine)
A
Algae
12
Q
Algae occur on a variety of habitats like __________
A
moist stones, soils and wood
13
Q
Algae can also be found associated with fungi as in __________ and with animals as in __________
A
lichen, on sloth bear
14
Q
Forms and size of algae are largely similar. T or F?
A
False, highly variable
15
Q
A few marine forms of algae such as __________ form massive plant bodies
A
kelps
16
Q
Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. T or F?
A
True
17
Q
Vegetative reproduction in algae is by __________
A
fragmentation
18
Q
In vegetative reproduction of algae, each fragment develops into a __________
A
thallus
19
Q
Asexual reproduction in algae is by the production of a particular type of spore. T or F?
A
False, different types of spores
20
Q
Most common spore in asexual reproduction of algae is __________
A
zoospore
21
Q
Algal zoospores are __________ (ciliated / flagellated / non-motile)
A
flagellated (motile)
22
Q
Sexual reproduction of algae involves fusion of two __________ (flagellated / non-flagellated) gametes
A
Could be either - flagellated or non-flagellated
23
Q
Give Examples of Algae:
Flagellated and similar in size gametes: __________
Non-flagellated and similar in size gametes: _________
Dissimilar in size gametes: __________
One large non-motile F and smaller motile M gamete: __________
A
Ulothrix,
Spirogyra,
Eudorina,
Volvox / Fucus
24
Q
Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called __________, dissimilar in size is called __________
A
isogamous,
anisogamous
25
What is oogamous reproduction?
Fusion between one large, static female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete e.g. Volvox, Fucus
26
Classify into green, brown and red algae
```
Laminaria
Polysiphonia,
Volvox,
Spirogyra,
Poryphyra,
Sargassum,
Fucus,
Gracilaria,
Ulothrix,
Chlamydomonas,
Dictyota,
Chara,
Gelidium
Ectocarpus
```
```
Laminaria - brown
Polysiphonia - red
Volvox - green
Spirogyra - green
Poryphyra - red
Sargassum - brown
Fucus - brown
Gracilaria - red
Ulothrix - green
Chlamydomonas - green
Dictyota - brown
Chara - green
Gelidium - red
Ectocarpus - brown
```
27
A half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by __________ through __________
algae, photosynthesis
28
Being photosynthetic, algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment. T or F?
True
29
__________ are primary producers of energy-rich compounds which is the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals
Algae
30
There are __________ (how many?) species of marine algae used as food.
3 examples?
70
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
31
Certain marine __________ and __________ algae (colors) produce large amounts of hydrocolloids e.g. __________ and__________
brown, red,
| algin, carrageen
32
Hydrocolloids are __________-holding substances
water
33
Algin and carrageen are used commercially. T or F?
true
34
Agar one of the commercial products obtained from __________ and __________ is used to grow microbes in preparations of __________ and __________
Gelidium, Gracilaria, ice-creams, jellies
35
__________ a unicellular alga rich in proteins is used as food supplement even by space travellers
Chlorella
36
Algae are divided into 3 main classes:
Chlorophyceae (green)
Phaecophyceae (brown)
Rhodophyceae (red)
37
The plant body of Chlorophyceae is __________ (multicellular/unicellular) and __________ (colonial/filamentous/either)
unicellular, either
38
Chlorophyceae have pigments __________ and __________ localised in definite __________
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chloroplasts
39
Shapes of chloroplasts in different species of Chlorophyceae?
discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped
40
Chlorophyceae are found in what habitats?
Fresh water,
brackish water,
salt water
41
Most chlorophyceae have one or more storage bodies called __________ containing __________ and __________ located in the chloroplasts
pyrenoids, proteins, starch
42
Some algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. T or F?
True
43
Chlorophyceae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of __________ and an outer layer of __________
cellulose, pectose
44
Vegetative reproduction in chlorophyceae usually takes place by __________ or __________
fragmentation, formation of spores
45
Asexual reproduction in chlorophyceae is by __________ produced in __________
flagellated zoospores, zoosporangia
46
Sexual reproduction in chlorophyceae shows considerable variation in the type and formation of sex cells and may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. T or F?
True
47
Members of phaeophyceae are found primarily in which marine habitats?
Fresh water,
(rarely) brackish water,
salt water
48
Phaeophyceae show great variation in size and form. T or F?
True
49
__________ range from simple branched, filamentous forms to profusely branched forms (e.g. kelps).
Phaeophyceae
50
Phaeophyceae possess __________, __________ and __________ pigments
chlorophyll a, c,
carotenoids
xanthophylls (fucoxanthin)
51
Phaeophyceae vary in color from olive green to various shades of brown depending on the amount of the __________ pigment, __________.
xanthophyll, fucoxanthin
52
In phaeophyceae, food is stored as complex carbohydrates which may be in the form of __________ or __________
laminarin or mannitol
53
Vegetative cells of phaeophyceae have a _________ cell wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of __________
cellulosic, algin
54
The protoplast of phaeophyceae contains __________, __________ and __________
plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus
55
Plant body of phaeophyceae is usually attached to the substratum by a __________ and has a stalk called __________ and leaf-like photosynthetic organ called __________
holdfast, stipe, frond
56
Vegetative reproduction in phaeophyceae takes place by __________ whereas asexual reproduction is by __________ that are __________-shaped and have two __________
fragmentation,
flagellated zoospores,
pear-shaped,
unequal laterally attached flagella
57
Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous in phaeophyceae. T or F?
True
58
Union of phaeophyceae gametes takes place in water or within the __________
oogonium
59
Phaeophyceae gametes are __________ (pear-shaped) and bear two __________
pyriform, two laterally attached flagella
60
Rhodophyceae have a predominance of red pigment __________ in their body
r-phycoerythrin
61
What are the major pigments in rhodophyceae?
Chlorophyll a, d,
| Phycoerythrin
62
What is the cell wall of rhodophyceae made of?
Cellulose, pectin and polysulphate esters
63
Majority of red algae are __________ (marine or freshwater) with greater concentrations found in __________ (cooler or warmer) areas
marine, warmer
64
What kinds of water are rhodophyceae found in?
Fresh water (some),
brackish water,
(most) salt water
65
Rhodophyceae occur in both well-lighted regions close to surface of water and at great depths in oceans where little light penetrates. T or F?
True
66
The red thalli of most of red algae are __________ (unicellular / multicellular)
multicellular
67
All rhodophyceae have complex body organization. T or F?
False, some
68
Food in rhodophyceae is stored as floridean starch which is very similar to __________ and __________ in structure
amylopectin, glycogen
69
Vegetative reproduction of rhodophyceae is by __________
fragmentation
70
Rhodophyceae reproduce asexually by __________ spores and sexually by __________ gametes
(motile / non-motile)
non-motile, non-motile
71
Sexual reproduction in rhodophyceae is ___gamous and accompanied by __________ post-fertilization developments
oogamous, complex
72
__________ are also called amphibians of plant kingdom
Bryophytes
73
Bryophytes can live in soil but are dependent on water for __________
sexual reproduction
74
Bryophytes usually occur in ______, ______ and ______ localities.
damp, humid, shaded
75
__________ play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil
(Algae - Bryophytes - Fungi)
Bryophytes
76
Plant body of algae is more differentiated than bryophytes. T or F?
False, reverse
77
Plant body of bryophytes is thallus-like and prostrate/erect, and attached to the substratum by __________
unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
78
Bryophytes lack root-like, stem-like or leaf-like structures. T or F?
False, they have. They lack TRUE roots/stems/leaves.
79
The main plant body of bryophytes is __________ (haploid/diploid/haplo-diploid)
haploid
80
Bryophyte main plant body is a gametophyte or sporophyte?
gametophyte => produces gametes
81
Sex organs in bryophytes are __________ (unicellular / multicellular)
multicellular
82
Male sex organ of bryophyte is called __________ whereas female sex organ is called __________
Male - antheridium
| Female - archegonium
83
Antheridium produce __________ whereas the archegonium produces __________
biflagellated antherozoids, single egg
84
Archegonium is __________ shaped
flask
85
Antherozoids of bryophytes are released into __________ where they come in contact with __________
water, archegonium
86
An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce __________.
Zygote
87
Zygote of bryophytes undergoes reduction division immediately. T or F?
False, NOT IMMEDIATELY
88
Bryophyte zygote produces a multicellular body called __________ which is not free-living but is attached to the __________ and derives __________ from it.
sporophyte,
photosynthetic gametophyte,
nourishment
89
Some cells of the sporophyte undergo __________ (mitosis/meiosis) to produce __________ (diploid/haploid) spores
meiosis, haploid
90
Bryophyte spores germinate to produce __________ (sporophyte / gametophyte)
gametophyte
91
Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance. T or F?
True
92
Some mosses provide food for __________ mammals, birds and other animals.
herbaceous
93
Species of __________, a moss, provide peat that has long been used as a fuel and as __________ material because of their capacity to hold water.
Sphagnum, packing
94
__________ along with __________ are the first colonise rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.
(Type of bryophytes)
Mosses, lichens
95
Mosses and lichens decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for growth of __________
higher plants
96
Since mosses form dense mats on soil, they reduce the impact of __________ and prevent __________
falling rain, soil erosion
97
Bryophytes are divided into __________ and __________
liverworts, mosses
98
Liverworts grow in ________, ________ habitats such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods.
moist, shady
99
Plant body of a liverwort is thalloid. T or F? e.g. _________
True, Marchantia
100
Thallus of liverwort is __________ (ventral, dorsal, dorsiventral) and closely appressed to the __________
dorsiventral, substrate
101
Leafy members of liverworts have __________ appendages in ______ (how many?) rows on the stem-like structures
tiny leaf-like, two
102
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by __________ or by __________
fragmentation of thalli,
| formation of specialized structures called gemmae
103
Gemmae are __________ (color),
__________ (unicellular / multicellular)
__________ (sexual / asexual) buds
green,
multicellular,
asexual
104
Liverworts: Gemmae develop in small receptacles called __________
gemma cups
105
Gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals. T or F?
True
106
Liverworts:
| During sexual reproduction, male and female sex organs are produced on same or different (or either) thalli?
Either same or different
107
A liverwort sporophyte is differentiated into a __________, __________ and __________
foot, seta, capsule
108
```
Liverworts:
After __________ (mitosis, meiosis), spores are produced within the __________
```
meiosis, capsule
109
Liverwort spores germinate to form free-living __________ (sporophyte / gametophyte)
gametophyte
110
Predominate stage of life cycle of a moss is __________ (sporophyte/gametophyte) which itself consists of ______ (how many?) stages
gametophyte, 2
111
First stage of moss gametophyte is called __________ which develops directly from __________
protonema, spore
112
Protonema is creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous. T or F?
True
113
Second stage of moss gametophyte is __________ which develops from the secondary protonema as a __________
leafy stage, lateral bud
114
Mosses: Leafy stage consists of upright, thick axes bearing spirally arranged leaves. T or F?
False, slender axes NOT thick
115
Leafy stage mosses are attached to the soil through __________ and __________ rhizoids
multicellular and branched
116
The __________ stage of mosses bears the sex organs.
| Protonema, leafy stage
Leafy stage
117
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by __________ and __________ in the secondary protonema
fragmentation, budding
118
Mosses:
| In sexual production, the sex organs __________ and __________ are produced at the __________ of the leafy shoots.
Antheridia, archegonia, apex
119
After fertilization, the moss zygote develops into a __________ (gametophyte / sporophyte) consisting of the parts: __________, __________ and __________
sporophyte,
| foot, seta, capsule
120
The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts. T or F?
True
121
The capsule of moss sporophyte contains __________ which are formed after __________ (mitosis / meiosis)
spores, meiosis
122
Mosses have a __________ (simple / elaborate) mechanisms of spore dispersal.
elaborate
123
```
Classify into mosses or liverworts:
Polytrichum,
Sphagnum
Marchantia,
Funaria
```
Polytrichum - moss
Sphagnum - moss
Marchantia - liverwort
Funaria - moss
124
___________ include horsetails and ferns
Pteridophytes
125
___________ are used for medicinal purposes and as soil-binders
Pteridophytes
126
___________ are frequently grown as ornamentals
| Gymnosperms - Pteridophytes - Bryophytes - Red algae
Pteridophytes
127
___________ are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues - xylem and phloem.
Pteridophytes
128
Pteridophytes are found in ___________ places
warm - damp - shady
warm - moist - sunny
cool - sunny - dry
cool - damp - shady
cool, damp and shady
129
In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a ___________ (gametophyte / sporophyte)
sphorophyte
130
Pteridophyte plant body is differentiated into root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures. T or F?
False, true roots, leaves and stem
131
Leaves in pteridophytes are small (aka ___________) as in ___________ or large (aka ___________) as in ___________
microphylls - Selaginella
| macrophylls - ferns
132
Sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by _____-like appendages called ___________
leaf, sporophylls
133
In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called ___________ or ___________ (e.g. ___________, ___________)
strobili or cones
| Selaginella, Equisetum
134
Pteridophytes: Sporangia produce spores by ___________ (mitosis / meiosis) in ______ cells
meiosis, spore mother cells
135
Pteridophyte spores germinate to give rise to free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid ___________ (sporophyte/gametophyte) called ___________
gametophytes,
| prothallus
136
Why is the spread of pteridophytes limited to narrow geographical regions?
Because gametophytes require cool, damp and shady places to grow
137
Gametophyte pteridophytes bear male and female sex organs called ___________ and ___________
antheridia, archegonia
138
___________ is required for the transfer of pteridophyte antherozoids to the archegonium
Water
139
Pteridophyte zygote produces a multicellular well-differentiated ___________ (gametophyte/sporophyte)
sporophyte
140
In most pteridophytes, spores are of similar kinds. Such plants are called ___________
homosporous
141
In some pteridophytes like ___________ and ___________ two kinds of spores are produces (macro and micro). Such plants are called ___________.
Selaginella, Salvinia, heterosporous
142
In heterosporous plants, the megaspores and microspores germinate to give rise to ___________ and ___________ gametophytes respectively.
female, male
143
The ___________ (male / female) gametophyte in pteridophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable periods.
female
144
Development of pteridophyte zygotes into young embryos take place within the ___________
female gametophyte
145
Development of the zygote in pteridophyte female gametophytes is a precursor to the ___________ considered an important step in evolution
seed habit
146
Pteridophytes are classified into 4 classes. What are they?
1. Psilopsida
2. Lycopsida
3. Sphenopsida
4. Pteropsida
147
```
Classify into the various classes of pteridophytes
Adiantum
Lycopodium
Equisetum
Psilotum
Selaginella
Pteris
Dyopteris
```
```
Adiantum - Pteropsida
Lycopodium - Lycopsida
Equisetum - Sphenopsida
Psilotum - Psilopsida
Selaginella - Lycopsida
Pteris - Pteropsida
Dyopteris - Pteropsida
```
148
Gymnosperms literally means:
gymnos _________
sperma _________
naked, seeds
149
Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are...
not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation
150
Gymnosperms include ________-sized trees, ____ trees and _________
medium, tall, shrubs
151
The giant redwood tree Sequoia is a _________ (angiosperm / gymnosperm) and is one of the tallest tree species.
gymnosperm
152
Gymnosperm roots in some genera (e.g. _______) have fungal association in the form of _________
Pinus, mycorrhiza
153
Gymnosperm roots are _________ (tap / fibrous / adventitious)
tap roots
154
Gymnosperm roots in some genera (e.g. _______) have coralloid roots associated with _________
Cycas, N2-fixing cyanobacteria
155
Gymnosperm stems are unbranched as in _______ or branched as in _______ and _______.
Cycas, Pinus, Cedrus
156
Gymnosperm leaves are _______ (simple / compound / either).
Either
157
In _______ genus of gymnosperms, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
Cycas
158
The leaves in gymnosperms are not adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. T or F?
False, are well-adapted to...
159
Conifers are gymnosperms with ______-like leaves to _______ (increase / reduce) the surface area
needle, reduce
160
How do conifers reduce water loss?
Needle-like leaves
Thick cuticle
Sunken stomata
161
Gymnosperms are _______ (homosporous / heterosporous). They produces _______
heterosporous
| haploid microspores and megaspores
162
The two kinds of spores in gymnosperms are produced within _______ that are borne on _______
sporangia, sporophylls
163
Gymnosperm sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form _______ or _______ or _______
lax, compact strobili, cones
164
Strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called _______
microsporangiate / male strobili
165
In angiosperms, the microspores develop into a _______ (female/male) gametophytic generation which is highly reduced to only a limited number of cells and is aka _______
male, pollen grain
166
The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called _______
macrosporangiate or female strobili
167
The male or female cones or strobili may be born on the same gymnosperm tree. T or F? Example?
True, Pinus
168
In _______ (gymnosperm) male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees
Cycas
169
The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the _______
nucellus
170
Gymnosperms: The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called a _______
ovule
171
Ovules are borne on _______ which may be clustered to form the female cones.
megasporophylls
172
The megaspore mother cell of gymnosperms divides _______ (mitotically / meiotically) to form _______ (how many?) megaspores
meiotically, four
173
One of the gymnosperm megaspores develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or more _______
archegonia (female sex organs)
174
Multicellular female gametophyte of gymnosperms is also retained within the megasporangium. T or F?
True
175
Unlike _______ and _______, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. They remain within the _______
bryophytes and pteridophytes,
| sporangia retained on the sporophytes
176
In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called _______
flowers
177
In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed in _______
fruits
178
_______ are an exceptionally large group of plants occurring in a wide range of habitats.
(Gymnosperm, bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperms
Angiosperms
179
Angiosperms range in size from the smallest ________ to tall trees of ________ (over 100 metres)
Wolffia,
| Eucalyptus
180
Angiosperms are divided into 2 classes: ________ and ________
Dicotyledons, monocotyledons
181
Dicots vs monocot characteristics
Dicot - 2 cotyledons, reticulate venation and tetramerous/pentamerous flowers
Monocot - single cotelydon, parallel venation, trimerous flowers
182
Male sex organ in flower is ________. It has a slender ________ and a ________ at the tip.
stamen, filament, anther
183
Female sex organ in a flower is the ________, with a swollen ________ at its base, a long slender ________ and ________ ont he top
pistil, ovary, style, stigma
184
Each ovule has a ________ that undergoes meiosis to form ________
megaspore mother cell, four haploid megaspores
185
Three of the megaspores degenerate and one divides to form the ________
embryo sac
186
Each embryo-sac has a three-celled ________ which consists of:
egg apparatus;
one egg cell,
two synergids,
three antipodal cells,
two polar nuclei
187
Polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce ________
diploid secondary nucleus
188
The ________ and ________ degenerate after fertilisation.
Synergids, antipodals
189
In plants, both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis. T or F?
True
190
Haploid plant body produces gametes by ________ (mitosis / meiosis)
mitosis
191
When a haploid gametophyte is fertilized, zygote divides by ________ (mitosis / meiosis) to produce ________
mitosis, diploid sporophytic plant body
192
Haploid spores are produced by a diploid sporophytic plant body by ________ (mitosis / meiosis).
meiosis
193
Haploid spores divide by ________ (mitosis / meiosis) to form a haploid plant body.
mitosis
194
During the lifecycle of ANY sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generations. T or F?
True
195
In alternation of generation, gamete produces ________ and spore produces ________
haploid gametophyte, diploid sporophyte
196
What are the 3 different patterns of life cycles of plants?
1. Haplontic
2. Diplontic
3. Haplodiplontic
197
In haplontic life cycle, sporophyte generation is represented by ___________
single-celled zygote
198
There are no free-living sporophytes in haplontic plants. T or F?
True
199
Meiosis in zygote => Haploid spores => Mitosis => Gametophyte.
What life cycle is this?
Haplontic
200
Dominant, photosynthetic stage in haplontic plants is ___________ whereas in diplontic plants it is ___________
free-living haploid gametophyte,
| diploid sporophyte
201
Examples of haplontic life cycle?
Most Algae e.g. Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas
202
Gametophytic phase is presented by single to few-celled haploid gametophyte and is not the dominant phase. This represents what kind of life cycle?
Diplontic
203
Examples of diplontic life cycles?
An alga Fucus,
| All seed bearing plants i.e. gymnosperms and angiosperms
204
In haplo-diplontic life-cycle both phases are ___________ (unicellular / multicellular) but they differ in the ___________
multicellular, dominant
205
___________ and ___________ exhibit haplo-diplontic life cycle
Bryophytes, pteridophytes
206
Patterns of bryophytes vs pteridophytes
Bryophytes - dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid/erect phase by haploid gametophyte; short-lived diploid sporophyte totally or partially dependent on gametophyte for anchorage and nutrition
Pteridophytes - dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular phase by diploid sporophyte; short-lived
haploid gametophyte - saprophytic/autotrophic and independent
207
Most algal genera are haplontic but some are haplo-diplontic. T or F?
Examples
True
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps - haplodiplontic
Fucus - diplontic
