XI Chap 5 Plant Morphology Flashcards
(263 cards)
1
Q
____________ born in Ukraine published the book Plant Anatomy
A
Katherise Esau
2
Q
___________ by Katherine Esau was published in 1960
A
Anatomy of Seed Plants
3
Q
Anatomy of Seed Plants by Katherine Esau was referred to as _____________
A
Webster’s of plant biology
4
Q
_____________ was the sixth woman to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences
A
Katherine Esau
5
Q
_____________ reported that the curly top virus spreads through a plant via the food-conducting or phloem tissue
A
Katherine Esau
6
Q
Angiosperms do not show large diversity in morphology. They are all characterised by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. T or F?
A
False, first sentence is false, there is lot of diversity. Second is still true.
7
Q
In the majority of _____________ (monocot/dicot) plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of _____________
A
dicot, primary root
8
Q
Secondary, tertiary, etc. roots are _____________ roots of several orders
A
lateral
9
Q
Primary root and its branches constitute the _____________ system
A
tap root
10
Q
Define fibrous root system
A
Monocot plants,
Primary root short-lived / degenerates,
replaced by large number of roots originating from base of the stem
11
Q
Define adventitious roots
A
Roots arise from parts of the plant other than radicle e.g. fibrous / foliar
12
Q
Specify the type of root system:
wheat carrot / radish / beet / turnip mustard sweet potato sugarcane !! grass !!
A
wheat - fibrous carrot - tap mustard - tap sweet potato - adventitious sugarcane - fibrous !! grass - adventitious !!
13
Q
Specify the type of root system:
mango onion !!! Monstera Banyan guava peepal maize
A
mango - tap onion - fibrous Monstera - adventitious & fibrous Banyan - adventitious & tap guava - tap peepal - tap maize - fibrous
14
Q
Main functions of root system?
A
- ABSORPTION (not transport!!) of water and minerals from soil
- anchorage
- storing reserve food material
- synthesis of PGRs
15
Q
Root cap is a ________-like structure and its function is: ______
A
thimble-like structure,
covers and protects the root apex
16
Q
_______ has numerous Golgi bodies that secrete mucilaginous substances
A
Root cap / Calyptra
17
Q
Root cap arises from special ________gen called ________ which in turn arises from __________
A
histogen, calyptrogen, dermatogen
18
Q
What is calyptra?
A
Root cap
19
Q
Describe region of meristematic activity
A
few mm above root cap,
very small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm
cells divide repeatedly
20
Q
Region of ___________ is a few mm above the root cap
A
meristemattic activity
21
Q
Cells in region of meristematic activity are ___________ (small/large), ___________ (thin/thick walled), ___________ (dense with / lacking protoplasm)
A
small,
thin-walled
dense with protoplasm
22
Q
Cells of region of ___________ divide repeatedly
A
meristematic activity
23
Q
Cells proximal to the meristematic cells undergo rapid ___________ and ___________
A
elongation, enlargement
24
Q
Region of ___________ is responsible for growth of the root in length
A
elongation
25
Cells of region of _____________ gradually differentiate and mature
elongation
26
The zone proximal to the region of elongation is called the region of ___________
maturation
27
Root hairs are:
_________ (unicellular / multicellular / either)
________ cells (type of cells)
________ously produced (endo/exo) in the ________
in zone of ___________
unicellular, epidermal, exogenously produced, epidermis, maturation
28
Epidermal cells from the region of maturation form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called ___________
root hairs
29
Roots in some plants can be modified for ? (8)
1. support (prop),
2. support (stilt),
3. food storage,
4. respiration (pneumatophores)
5. assimilatory/photosynthesizing,
6. haustorial/parasitic,
7. reproductive,
8. hygroscopic/epiphytic
30
Prop roots?
Hanging structures,
| Roots modified for support e.g. Banyan tree
31
Stilt roots?
From lower nodes of stem
Roots modified for support
e.g. maize, sugarcane
32
Pneumatophores? Example?
Roots modified for respiration (swampy areas / halophytes)
apogeotropic - come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards
get O2 for respiration
e.g. Rhizophora
33
Supporting roots of maize and sugarcane come out of the ___________
lower nodes of the stem
34
Asparagus is an example of root modified for ___________
storage and reproduction
35
Assimilatory / photosynthesizing roots like _________ develop _________
Trapa, chlorophyll
36
__________ aka ________ roots derive nutrition from host xylem/phloem.
Give exampls
Haustorial / parasitic
| Cuscuta, Orobanche, Striga, Viscum
37
```
Tag as modified for reproduction, storage and/or food:
Dahlia
Turnip / Carrot / Radish / Beet
Sweet potato
Asparagus
```
Dahlia - reproductive
TCRB - storage
Sweet potato - storage + reproductive
Asparagus - storage + reproductive
38
What are hygroscopic/ epiphytic modified roots?
grow on other plants to absorb moisture from atmosphere through velamen tissue
example of commensalism - mango & orchid
39
What are foliar roots? Example?
Roots arising from leaves e.g. Bryophyllum
40
Root is _____geotropic and _____phototropic
ortho, apo
41
________ part of the root contains gravity receptors
Root cap
42
In hydrophytes, _______ is absent but it contains ________ for buoyancy
root cap, air pockets
43
Root meristem is ________
| terminal / subterminal
subterminal
| root cap is terminal
44
Lateral roots are _____genous arising from the __________
endo, pericycle
45
Stem is the ___________ part of the axis that develops from the ________ of the embryo
ascending, plumule
46
Stem is ___geotropic and ___phototropic
apo, ortho
47
Stem bears ___________ (where leaves are borne) and ___________
nodes and internodes
48
Region of the stem where leaves are born is called ___________ and internodes are the portion between two ___________
nodes, nodes
49
Stem bears buds which may be ___________ or ___________
terminal or axillary
50
Stem is generally ___________ in color when young and later often becomes ___________ and ___________ (color)
green, woody, dark brown
51
Main functions of stem is ___________
spreading out branches
52
All functions of stem:
1. spreading out branches
2. conducting water, minerals and photosynthates
3. (some) food storage, support, protection, vegetative propagation
53
Underground stems modified to store food also act as organs of ___________ to tide over ___________
perennation, unfavourable growth conditions
54
What are the 4 types of U/G stems?
Rhizome
Corm
Tuber
Bulb
55
Rhizome grows _____________ whereas Corm grows ____________
horizontally, vertically
56
__________ is the smallest U/G stem whereas ___________ is the largest
Bulb, Corm
57
Examples of rhizome
Ginger, Turmeric, Canna and Banana
58
Examples of corm
```
Colocassia (Arvi)
Crocus (Saffron)
Colcichicum,
Amorphophallus (Zaminkhand)
Gladiolus
```
59
Tuber is the ________ _________ end of a _______ branch arising from the u/g part of the stem
swollen terminal,
| lateral
60
_______ (eyes) in tuber help in vegetative propagation
axillary buds
61
Examples of tuber
Potato
62
Bulb is a _____-shaped structure with ________ as the edible part
disc, scale leaves
63
Examples of bulb
(Liliaceae family)
| Onion, garlic, lily
64
What are the characteristics that help distinguish an u/g stem from an u/g root?
buds
scale leaves
nodes
internodes
65
Stem tendrils develop from ___________ buds. They are slender and spirally coiled and help plants ___________
axillary, to climb
66
Axillary buds of stems may get modified into woody, straight and pointed ___________
thorns
67
What are the sub-aerial modifications of stem?
Runner, Stolan, Support and Sucker
68
What is runner?
Underground stems of some plants spread to new niches and when older parts die, new parts are formed
69
What is a stolan?
slender lateral branch
base of the main axis
aerially for some time
then arch downwards
(arches at regular intervals)
70
What is support (sub aerial stem)?
A lateral branch with short internodes
each node bearing a rosette of leaves and tuft of roots
found in aquatic plants
71
Support stem modifications is only found in _________ plants
aquatic / hydrophytes
72
Describe sucker? (sub-aerial stem modification)
Lateral branch
basal u/g portion of main stem,
horizontally beneath soil
then out obliquely upwards
73
Examples of runner?
Grass, Oxalis, Fragaria (strawberry)
74
Examples of stolan?
mint, jasmine
75
Examples of support stem modification?
```
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia)
Pistia
```
76
Examples of sucker?
Banana, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum
77
What are the aerial modifications of stem?
Phylloclade, cladode, tendrils and thorns
78
Plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened structures (e.g. ___________) or fleshy structures (e.g. ___________) for photosynthesis. They're called ___________
Opuntia,
Euphorbia,
phylloclade
79
Modified stems of plants in arid regions contain ___________ and carry out ___________. Their leaves become __________.
chlorophyll, photosynthesis, spines
80
What is a cladode?
Phylloclade with single internode
81
Example of cladode?
Ruscus, Asparagus
82
Bougainvillea and Citrus are examples of what kind of modification?
Stem -> thorn
83
Examples of stem -> tendril modification?
Gourds and grapevines
84
Potato is a modified _______ whereas sweet potato is a modified ______
stem, adventitious root
85
Leaf blade contains _______ cells whereas petiole contains _______ cells
parenchymatous mesophyll,
| collenchymatous
86
In some leguminous plants, the leafbase may become swollen which is called the ___________
pulvinus
87
Leaf base is swollen in leguminous and this plant: __________
touch me not (Mimosa)
88
___________ is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem
Leaf
89
Leaf develops at the ___________ and bears a bud in its ___________
node, axil
90
Axillary bud later develops into a ___________
branch
91
Leaves originate from ___________ meristems and are arranged in an ___________ order
shoot apical, acropetal
92
___________ are the most important organs for photosynthesis
Leaves
93
Parts of a leaf? (3)
1. Leaf base (Hypopodium)
2. Petiole (Mesopodium)
3. Lamina (Epipodium)
94
The ___________ helps hold the leaf blade to light
petiole
95
Leaf is attached to the stem by the ___________
leaf base
96
What are stipules?
Two lateral small leaf-like structures that may originate from the leaf base
97
In monocots, the leaf base ___________
expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or wholly
98
Lamina or leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with ___________ and ___________
veins, veinlets
99
A middle prominent vein on the leaf blade is called ___________
midrib
100
Veins provide ___________ to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for ___________, ___________ and ___________
rigidity
| water, minerals and food
101
Define venation
Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf lamina
102
Dicot plants generally possess ___________ venation whereas monocots show ___________
reticulate, parallel
103
Simple v. compound leaf
Simple - lamina is entire / incisions don't touch midrib
| Compound - incisions reach midrib => leaflets
104
Compound leaves are of 2 types: ___________ and ___________
pinnately, palmately
105
In a pinnately compound leaf, number of leaflets are present on a common axis called ___________ which represents the ___________ of the leaf
rachis, midrib
106
In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point i.e. _______
tip of petiole
107
Examples of simple leaf
Banyan, peepal, mango, guava
108
Examples of pinnately compound leaf?
Neem, Tamarind, Rose, Acacia
109
Examples of palmately compound leaves?
```
Silk cotton (Bombax)
Citrus fruits
```
110
Define phyllotaxy
Pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch
111
What are the 3 types of phyllotaxy? Define.
Alternate: single leaf at each node, alternating
Opposite: a pair of leaves at each node
Whorled: 2+ leaves arise at node
112
Explain the phyllotaxy of these plants:
```
china rose (and Malvaceae)
Calotropis
Leguminaceae
Liliaceae
Alstonia
mustard (and Brassicaceae)
guava
Cucurbitaceae
sunflower (and Asteraceae)
Solanaceae
```
```
china rose - alternate
Calotropis - opposite
Leguminaceae - alternate
Liliaceae - alternate
Alstonia - whorled
mustard - alternate
guava - opposite
Cucurbitaceae - alternate
sun flower - alternate
Solanaceae - alternate
```
113
Peas are examples of modified __________ (root, stem or leaf?)
leaf -> tendril
114
Leaves are modified into ___________ for defence e.g. ___________
spines, cacti (Opuntia)
115
Fleshy leaves of ______ and _______ are modified to store food
onion and garlic
116
What is phyllode? Example?
Petioles that expand, become green and synthesise food
| e.g. Australian acacia
117
Leaves in Australian Acacia are ______ and ________
small, short-lived
118
Stems of certain insectivorous plants such as pitcher plant, venus fly trap are also modified stems. T or F?
False, leaves
119
Examples of insectivorous plants with modified leaves?
Nepenthes - pitcher plant,
Venus fly trap,
Drosera,
Bladderwort
120
Insectivorous plants are still autotrophic. T or F?
| They use insects to fill a ________ deficiency
True, Nitrogen
121
A flower is a modified ___________
shoot
122
The shoot apical meristem changes to ___________ to create inflorescence
floral meristem
123
In floral meristem, internodes do not ___________ and the axis gets ___________. Floral axis is aka __________
elongate, condensed, peduncle
124
When a shoot tip transforms into a flower it is always ___________
solitary
125
Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis (peduncle) is termed as ___________
inflorescence
126
Racemose vs. cymose
| talk about growth, grouping, blooming, order
Racemose - unlimited growth, grouping of flowers common, centripetal, acropetal
Cymose - limited (main axis terminates into flower), grouping of flowers uncommon, centrifugal, basipetal
127
```
Group into racemose or cymose:
Jasmine
Leguminaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae,
Banana,
Bougainvillea,
Brassicaceae
Poaeceae
Liliaceae
```
```
Jasmine - cymose
Leguminaceae - racemose
Asteraceae - racemose
Solanaceae - cymose
Banana - racemose
Bougainvillea - cymose
Brassicaceae - racemose
Poaeceae - racemose
Liliaceae - cymose (some)
```
128
Sunflower inflorescence is most advanced and is called ______ or _____. Petals are actually flowers, flower is actually an inflorescence.
Two types of florets?
Head, capitulum
Disc, ray
129
___________ is a reproductive unit in angiosperms
Flower
130
Flower has 4 different kinds of whorls, they are:
calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium
131
K, C, A and G are arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel called:
thalamus / receptacle
132
Calyx and corolla are ___________ while androecium and gynoecium are ___________
accessory / non-essential organs,
| reproductive / essential / non-accessory organs
133
Define perianth?
K and C fused (not distinct)
134
In some flowers like beans, the calyx and corolla are fused and are termed as perianth. T or F?
False, not beans, liliaceae. Rest is accurate
135
Incomplete vs complete flowers?
Complete: has all 4 whorls (K, C, A & G)
Incomplete: one or more whorls missing
136
Unisexual vs bisexual flowers?
Bisexual - both A and G on same flower
| Unisexual - only stamens or only carpels
137
A flower that has radial symmetry is called ___________.
| A flower that has bilateral symmetry is called ___________.
actinomorphic, zygomorphic
138
A flower is ___________ aka ___________ if it cannot be divided into 2 similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre
Example?
asymmetric, irregular
e.g. canna
139
What kind of symmetry do each of these plants?
```
Gulmohur
Mustard
Pea
datura
Canna
Cassia
bean
chilli
```
```
Gulmohur - zygomorphic
Mustard - actinomorphic
Pea - zygomorphic
datura - actinomorphic
Canna - asymmetric
Cassia - zygomorphic
bean - zygomorphic
chilli - actinomorphic
```
140
A flower may be _____________, _____________, or _____________ when floral appendages are in multiple of 3, 4, 5, respectively.
Most common is?
trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous
Pentamerous = most common
141
Flowers with bracts ( __________ leaves) found at the base of the ____________ are called bracteate.
Those without bracts are called ___________
reduced, pedicel, ebracteate
142
Hypogynous flower?
Gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are situated below it;
superior ovary
143
Gynoecium situated in center, other parts on rim of ____________ is known as __________ flower aka ____________ ovary
thalamus, perigynous, half-inferior
144
Epigynous flowers?
Thalamus encloses ovary completely, getting fused with it;
other parts arise above the ovary;
inferior ovary
145
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
Leguminaceae
Leguminaceae - hypogynous
146
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
guava
guava - epigynous
147
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
mango & coconut
mango & coconut - hypogynous
148
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
peach
peach - perigynous
149
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
cucumber (Cucurbitaceae)
cucumber - epigynous
150
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
mustard (Brassicaceae)
mustard - hypogynous
151
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
ray florets of sunflower (Asteraceae / Compositae)
ray florets of sunflower - epigynous
152
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
brinjal (Solanaceae)
brinjal - hypogynous
153
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
plum
plum - perigynous
154
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
china rose (Malvaceae)
rose
Liliaceae
china rose - hypogynous
rose - perigynous
Liliaceae - hypogynous
155
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
rose
rose - perigynous
156
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
Liliaceae
Liliaceae - hypogynous
157
In __________ flowers, the ovary is said to be superior whereas in __________ flowers it is inferior.
hypogynous,
| epigynous
158
___gynous flowers are more likely to develope false fruits
Epigynous
159
Unisexual or bisexual?
```
Solanaceae
Date palm
Cucurbitaceae
Maize
Liliaceae
Malvaceae
Papaya
Brassicaceae
Castor
```
```
Solanaceae - bi
Date palm - uni
Cucurbitaceae - uni
Maize - uni
Liliaceae - bi
Malvaceae - bi
Papaya - uni
Brassicaceae - bi
Castor - uni
```
160
Calyx is the __________ whorl of the flower and the members are called __________
outermost, sepals
161
__________ are green, leaf-life and protect the flower in the bud stage
Sepals
162
Calyx may be __________ (united) or __________ (free)
gamosepalous, polysepalous
163
Persistent calyx is one that ______ ?
Examples
sepals remain attached with fruit
e.g. tomato, brinjal (solanaceae)
164
Corolla is composed of __________
petals
165
What is pappus? example?
Hairy modified calyx
Sunflower
166
Like calyx, corolla may also be __________ (petals united) or __________ (petals free)
gamopetalous, polypetalous
167
Possible shapes of corolla?
tubular,
bell-shaped,
funnel-shaped,
wheel-shaped
168
Mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to other members of the __________ (same/different) whorl is known as __________
same, aestivation
169
What are the 4 types of aestivation? Explain them briefly.
1. Valvate - just touch one another at margin, no overlap
2. Twisted - one margin overlaps the next one (one direction)
3. Imbricate - overlap one another, but no particular direction
4. Vexillary - 5 petals, largest (posterior) overlaps the 2 lateral ones, which in turn overlaps the 2 smallest anterior petals
170
In which aestivation(s), do you have one completely overlapped petal/sepal and one completely overlapping petal/sepal?
Imbricate
171
In which aestivation(s), do you have one completely overlapped petal and one completely overlapping petal?
Imbricate, vexillary
172
In vexillary aestivation, explain 'standard', 'wings', and 'keel'.
'Standard' - largest petal aka vexillium
Wings - two lateral petals
Keel - two smallest anterior fused petals
173
Vexillary aestivation in sepals is aka papilionaceous. T or F?
False, known as papilionaceous but it is only in petals.
174
Match these to the correct aestivation:
```
Cassia
China rose
Pea
Lady's finger
Calotropis
Cotton
Gulmohur
Bean
```
```
Cassia (S & P) - imbricate
China rose - twisted
Pea - P - vexillary/papilionaceous, S - valvate/imbricate
Lady's finger - twisted
Calotropis - valvate
Cotton - twisted
Gulmohur (S & P) - imbricate
Bean - P - vexillary/papilionaceous, S - valvate/imbricate
```
175
Match these to the correct aestivation:
Solanaceae
Leguminaceae
Brassicaceae
Liliaceae
Solanaceae - valvate
Leguminaceae - petals - vexillary, sepals - valvate / imbricate
Brassicaceae - valvate
Liliaceae - tepals - valvate
176
A sterile stamen is called __________
staminode
177
When stamens are attached to the petals, they are called __________ e.g. __________
epipetalous, brinjal (solanaceae)
178
When stamens are attached to the perianth as in flowers of __________, they are called __________
lily (liliaceae),
| epiphyllous/epitepalous
179
Stamens in flower may remain free aka __________
or may be united into one bunch __________
or into two bundles __________
or into more than two bundles __________
polyandrous,
monoadelphous,
diadelphous,
polyadelphous
180
When in stamens the filament is free but anther is fused it is called ____________
example?
syngenesious
Asteraceae (sunflower)
181
When stamens are completely fused with each other it is called ____________.
Examples?
synandrous
Cucurbitaceae
182
When in stamens, anther is free and filament is fused, it is called ____________
Examples?
adelphous
Mono / di / poly
China rose / Pea / Citrus
183
Examples of monoadelphous, diadelphous and polyadelphous flowers?
mono - china rose
dia - pea
poly - citrus
184
Examples of polyandrous
Brassicaceae
| Solanaceae
185
There may be variation in length of filaments within a flower e.g. __________ and __________
Salvia, mustard
186
Explain cohesion vs adhesion wrt stamens
Adhesion - attachment of stamen with other flower parts (epipetalous / epitepalous)
Cohesion - attachment of stamen with stamens (polyandrous, mono/di/poly adelphous)
187
What is didynamous? Examples?
variation in length of stamens
2 outer shorter ones, 2 inner longer ones
e.g. Salvia
188
What is tetradynamous? examples?
variation in length of stamens,
2 outer shorter ones
4 inner longer ones
e.g. Brassicaceae (mustard)
189
Gynoecium is made up of one or more __________
carpels
190
A carpel consists of 3 parts: __________, __________ and__________
stigma, style and ovary
191
__________ is the enlarged basal part of the carpel on which lies the elongated tube, the __________
ovary, style
192
Style connects the ovary to the __________
stigma
193
Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like __________
placenta
194
Placenta is the ovary ________ (inner/outer) wall and is a __________ (parenchymatous/ collenchymatous/ sclerenchymatous) outgrowth
inner,
| parenchymatous
195
Apocarpous vs. syncarpous (with examples)
apocarpous - free carpels e.g. lotus, rose, Michelia, peach, plum
syncarpous - fused carpels e.g. mustard (Brassicaceae), tomato (Solanaceae), Liliaceae
196
What is placentation?
Arrangement of ovules within the ovary
197
Marginal placentation
marginal - unilocular, ridge along ventral suture of ovary, ovules borne on ridge in 2 rows
198
Axile placentation
axile - multilocular, ovules at center between septa
199
Parietal placentation
parietal - unilocular initially then bilocular, false septum (replum), ovules develop on inner wall / peripheral part
200
Free central placentation
free central - unilocular, ovules borne on central axis and septa are absent
201
Basal placentation
basal - unilocular, single ovule at base
202
Examples of different types of placentation
1. marginal - Leguminaceae (pea)
2. axile - Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Citrus, Malvaceae (Tomato, lemon, china rose,)
3. parietal - Brassicaceae (mustard), Argemone
4. free central - Dianthus, Primrose
5. basal - Asteraceae (sunflower, marigold), Poaceae (cereals), Graminae (grasses), mango, coconut
203
In __________ placentation, ovary is one-chambered but it becomes two-chambered due to the formation of the false septum.
parietal
204
Monocarpellary vs bicarpellary vs tricarpellary?
| Examples
Monocarpellary - one carpel - Leguminaceae, mango, coconut
Bi - 2 - Solanaceae, Brassicaceae
Tri - 3 - Liliaceae
205
__________ is a characteristic feature of flowering plants
Fruit
206
Fruit is a __________ ovary developed after ___________
mature / ripened,
| fertilization
207
Parthenocarpic fruit?
Fruit formed without fertilisation of the ovary
208
Fruit consists generally of (1) __________ and (2)__________
1) wall/pericarp
| 2) seeds
209
Dry vs. fleshy fruits? with examples
Dry - pericarp not differentiated e.g. capsule, legumes,
| Fleshy - pericarp is differentiated e.g. drupe, berry
210
When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into __________, __________ and __________
epicarp (outer), mesocarp and endocarp (inner)
211
In mango and coconut the fruit is known as a __________
drupe
212
Drupes develop from __________ ____________ ovaries and contain how many seeds?
monocarpellary superior ovaries, one
213
In mango, the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer __________ (thin/thick epicarp), a middle __________ ___________ mesocarp and an inner __________ (soft, hard) endocarp
thin epicarp, fleshy edible mesocarp,
| hard endocarp
214
Which part of the mango and coconut is edible?
Mango - Mesocarp
| Coconut - endosperm (liquid and cellular)
215
In coconut, the mesocarp is __________ (fleshy, fibrous, does not exist)
fibrous
216
After fertilisation, ovules develop into __________
seeds
217
A seed is made of __________ and __________
seed coat, embryo
218
Embryo is made up of a __________, __________ and __________
radicle, embryonal axis, cotyledons
| should be plumule also?!
219
Wheat and maize are __________ whereas gram and pea are __________
(monocots/ dicots)
monocots, dicots
220
Outermost covering of a seed is called __________
seed coat
221
Seed coat has 2 layers, outer __________ and inner __________
testa, temen
222
Hilum is a __________ on the seed coat through which developing seeds were __________
scar, attached
223
Above the hilum is a small pore called __________
micropyle
224
Within the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of __________ and __________
embryonal axis, two cotyledons
225
Cotyledons are often fleshy and full of __________
reserve food materials
226
Endospermic vs. non-endospermic seeds?
Endospermic: In some seeds, the endosperm formed as a result of double fertilisation is a food-storing tissue.
Non-endospermic: endosperm not present in mature seeds
227
Examples of endospermic vs. non-endospermous seeds?
Endo - monocots (maize, wheat, cereals in general)
+ castor + Solanaceae (exceptional dicots)
Non-endo - dicots (pea, bean, gram)
+ orchid (exceptional monocot)
228
All monocot seeds are endospermic. T or F?
False, generally they are but some like orchids are non-endospermic
229
In seeds of cereals such as maize, the seed coat is ___________ and generally fused with the ___________
membranous, fruit wall
230
Endosperm of maize is bulky and stores food. T or F?
True
231
Outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a layer called ___________ made up of _________ and containing ___________
aleurone layer, proteins, hydrolytic enzymes (like alpha amylase)
232
Embryo of maize is ___________ (small/large) and situated in a groove at ___________
small, one end of the endosperm
233
Embryo consists of one large and ___________-shaped cotyledon known as ___________ and a short axis with a ___________ and ___________
shield, scutellum, plumule, radicle
234
Plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called ___________ and ___________ respectively
coleoptile, coleorhiza
235
```
In floral formula, explain what each of these stands for:
Br
K
C
P
A
G
G (with underline)
G (with over line)
♂
♀
⚥
%
⨁
```
```
Br - bracteate
K - calyx
C - corolla
P - perianth
A - androecium
G - gynoecium
G (with underline) - superior ovary
G (with over line) - inferior ovary
♂- male
♀ - female
⚥ - bisexual
% - zygomorphic
⨁ - actinomorphic
```
236
A floral diagram provides information about:
number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one another
237
Position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a ___________ on the top of the floral diagram
dot
238
Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in successive whorls, calyx being the ___________ and gynoecium being in the ___________
outermost, centre
239
Floral formula also shows cohesion and adhesion within parts of whorls and between whorls. T or F?
True
240
Fabaceae was earlier called ___________ a subfamily of ___________
Papilionoideae, Leguminosae
241
___________ and ___________ plant families are distributed worldwide
Fabaceae and Liliaceae
242
___________ is a large family that is distributed in tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones
Solanaceae
243
___________ (family) is a characteristic representative of monocot plants
Liliaceae
244
Floral formula for Fabaceae?
%⚥K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G̲1
245
Floral formula for Solanaceae?
⨁⚥K(5) C(5) ^ A(5)+1 G̲(2)
246
Floral formula for Liliaceae?
Br⨁⚥P(3+3)^A3+3 G(3)
247
Which families do these plants belong to?
petunia (ornamental)
petunia (ornamental) - Solanaceae
248
Which families do these plants belong to?
ashwagandha, belladonna (medicine)
ashwagandha, belladonna (medicine) - Solanaceae
249
Which families do these plants belong to?
```
pulses,
edible oil (soyabean, groundnut)
```
Fabaceae
250
Which families do these plants belong to?
Indigofera
Indigofera (dye) - Fabaceae
251
Which families do these plants belong to?
tobacco
tobacco - Solanaceae
252
Which families do these plants belong to?
Aloe
Aloe - Liliaceae
253
Which families do these plants belong to?
sunhemp
sunhemp (fibres) - Fabaceae
254
Which families do these plants belong to?
Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum (pea) - Fabaceae
255
Which families do these plants belong to?
Asparagus
Asparagus - Liliaceae
256
Which families do these plants belong to?
Sesbania, Trifolium
Sesbania, Trifolium (fodder) - Fabaceae
257
Which families do these plants belong to?
lupin
lupin, sweet pea (ornamentals) - Fabaceae
258
Which families do these plants belong to?
S. nigrum (makoi)
Solanum nigrum (makoi) - Solanaceae
259
Which families do these plants belong to?
Gloriosa, tulip (ornamentals)
tulip, Gloriosa (ornamentals) - Liliaceae
260
Which families do these plants belong to?
muliathi (medicine)
muliathi (medicine) - Fabaceae
261
Which families do these plants belong to?
Colchicum autumnale
Colchicum autumnale - Liliaceae
262
Leaf is a lateral outgrowth of stem developed _____geneously at the node
exo
263
Comment on position of floral parts on thalamus:
```
Leguminaceae
guava
mango
peach
cucumber (Cucurbitaceae)
mustard (Brassicaceae)
ray florets of sunflower (Asteraceae / Compositae)
brinjal (Solanaceae)
plum
coconut
china rose (Malvaceae)
rose
Liliaceae
```
```
Leguminaceae - hypogynous
guava - epigynous
mango - hypogynous
peach - perigynous
cucumber - epigynous
mustard - hypogynous
ray florets of sunflower - epigynous
brinjal - hypogynous
plum - perigynous
coconut - hypogynous
china rose - hypogynous
rose - perigynous
Liliaceae - hypogynous
```
