Y8 | Geography Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
The Physical World
A
What our planet is like, the work of rivers, the sea and ice.
2
Q
The Human World
A
How and where people live, develop and earn a living.
3
Q
The Environmental World
A
Habitats, such as mountains, forests, oceans and how they develop and change.
4
Q
Cartography
A
The drawing of maps.
5
Q
Continent
A
One of several large land masses of the world. (There are 7 main continents)
6
Q
Country
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A region or area that makes up a continent.
7
Q
Latitude
A
The line of latitude that divides the Earth into the northern and southern hemisphere is known as the Equator. Lines of latitude to the north are labelled N, lines to the south are labelled S.
8
Q
Longitude
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The line of longitude that divides the Earth into the eastern and western hemisphere is known as the Prime Meridian. Lines of longitude to the east of the Prime Meridian are labelled E and those to the west are labelled W.
9
Q
Tropics
A
The tropic of Cancer is 23.5°N. The tropic of Capricorn is 23.5°S.
10
Q
Think like a geographer:
A
Where is this place?
What is it like?
Why is it like this?
How is it changing?
Who is affected by the changes?
How do I feel about it?
11
Q
Four-Figure Grid References
A
A four-figure grid reference points you towards a particular square on a map. On OS maps these squares represent one square kilometre.
12
Q
Six-Figure Grid References
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A six-figure grid reference points you towards a specific point within a square on a map.
13
Q
Spot Height
A
Shows the height of a specific point and is marked on an OS map using a black dot and the number in metres.
14
Q
Contour Line
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A line on a map joining equal height above or below sea level.
15
Q
Map Key
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This tells the reader what the map symbols mean.
16
Q
Scale
A
The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.
17
Q
OS is the national mapping agency in the UK. Scale is shown on the map in 3 ways:
A
As a line called a linear scale
As a statement of scale
As a ratio–a scale of 1: 50,000 means that 1 unit on the map represents 50,000 of the same unit on the ground.
A large-scale map shows a lot of detail but not much area; a small scale map shows a lot of area but not much detail.
18
Q
Climate
A
The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
19
Q
Communism
A
A theory or social organisation in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
20
Q
Coniferous Forest
A
A type of biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest.
21
Q
Country
A
Humans have divided continents up into political units called countries. Europe contains 50 countries.
22
Q
Constructive Margin
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Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.
23
Q
Europe
A
One of the seven continents.
24
Q
Volga River
A
The longest river in Europe. The river flows through central Russia and in to the Caspian Sea. It is widely regarded as the national river of Russia.
25
Lake Baikal
An ancient, massive lake in the mountainous region of Siberia. Considered the largest lake in the world.
26
Precipitation
Rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls to or condenses on the ground.
27
Rift Valley
A linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geological rift or fault.
28
Siberia
A vast Russian province encompassing most of northern Asia, with terrain spanning tundra, coniferous forest and mountain
ranges.
29
Tectonic Plate
A rigid segment of the Earth’s crust which can ‘float’ across the heavier, semi-molten rock below. Continental plates are less
dense, but thicker than oceanic plates.
30
Tundra
A type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
31
Ural Mountains
A mountain range that runs north to south through western Russia. They form the boundary between Europe and Asia.
32
Russia facts
Russia is largest country in world
Main river is the VOLGA
URAL mountains creates boundary between European Russia and Siberia
Russia highest mountain is Mt Elbrus
Russia is rich in NATRUAL RESOURCES
15 cities in Russia have a population of 1 million or more
33
Moscow facts
Moscow is Russia’s capital city. It has a population of 11 million.
Moscow has more billionaires than any other city in the world
9 million commuters ride the Moscow Metro every day – more than London & New York combined!
Wealthy Russians hire ambulances to beat the Moscow traffic jams.
34
Volga facts
Source Valdai Hills - 350m above sea level
Rybinsk Reservoir was formed by the construction of the Rybinsk Hydroelectric Dam in 1935. The filling of the reservoir began in 1941 and by the time it was completed in 1947, 150,000 people had to be moved and the town of Mologa, along with 663 villages had completely disappeared under the water of the reservoir.
Yaroslavl is one of the most fascinating cities found along the banks of the Volga. Home to many cathedrals and works of art, Yaroslavl is classed as a World Heritage Site
Volgograd Between 1925-1961 Volgograd was known as Stalingrad, named after Joseph Stalin – leader and dictator of the Soviet Union at the time. The city became famous for its resistance during the Battle of Stalingrad against the German Army in World War II. It is often regarded as the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare.
Volga Delta At 160km wide, the Volga has the largest delta in Europe. It is criss-crossed by hundreds of smaller rivers and streams. It is the only place in Russia where pelicans and flamingos can be found.
35
How long is the River Volga?
Volga River: At 2,294 miles long, the Volga is Europe’s longest river
36
Caspian sea facts
The Volga flows out into the Caspian Sea – the largest enclosed area of water on earth. The northern part of the Caspian Sea is also one of the lowest points on Earth. The Caspian Sea is bounded by Russia to the north west, Kazakhstan to the north east, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south and Turkmenistan to the south east.
37
Lake Baikal facts
Lake Baikal is taken from the Mongolian word ‘Baykal’, meaning ‘Nature Lake’.
The largest freshwater lake in the world – containing 20% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater.
At its maximum depth of 1,642m, Baikal is the
At 25 million years old, it is considered the world’s oldest lake.
It is also considered the world’s clearest lake
38
Describe STEPPE biome
Biome of grassland, few trees, fertile soil. Good farming area
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Describe MOUNTAIN FOREST biome
Higher you go – the colder it gets. Thin soil
40
Describe TUNDRA biome
Covered in snow and ice in winter Summer – surface soil defrosts
Low plants / shrubs grow
Permafrost
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Describe TAIGA biome
Coniferous forces – tress like larch and pine
Trees with shallow roots
Covers 60% of Russia
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Describe Temperate Forest biome
Mixture of trees – deciduous trees and
coniferous
43
Middle East facts
Most of Middle East is HOT DESERT
The Arabian Desert includes the Rub' al Khali – the largest sand desert in the world
Middle East covers an area of 13 million km2
High population densities around areas of FRESH WATER (Rivers and lakes)
Suez Canal links the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea
60% of the population are Arabs
Islam is the religion in the majority of Middle Eastern Countries. Significant numbers of Christians in Lebanon, Egypt and Israel
44
The three largest rivers of the middle east are?
The Nile, The Euphrates and The Tigris
45
Where is Qatar?
To the East of Saudi Arabia and north of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In the Persian Gulf
46
Arête
A sharp, knife-like ridge formed between two corries cutting back by processes of erosion and freeze thaw.
47
Bulldozing
Ice pushes material of all shapes and sizes as it moves
slowly forward.
48
Corrie
(Also called cirque) Armchair-shaped hollow in the mountainside formed by glacial erosion, rotational slip and
freeze-thaw weathering. This is where the valley glacier begins. When the ice melts, it can leave a small circular lake called a tarn.
49
Drumlin
A hill made of glacial till deposited by a moving glacier, usually elongated or oval in shape, with the longer axis parallel to the former direction of ice.
50
Erratics
Rocks which have been transported and deposited by a
glacier some distance from their source region.
51
Glacial trough
A river valley widened and deepened by the erosive action of glaciers; it becomes ‘U’-shaped instead of the normal ‘V’-shape of a river valley.
52
Glacier
a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
53
Hanging valley
A tributary valley to the main glacier, too cold and high up for ice to be able to easily move. It therefore was not eroded as much as the lower main valley, and today is often the site for a waterfall crashing several hundred metres to the main valley floor.
54
Lake District
A mountainous region in north west England and popular holiday destination. It is famous for its lakes, forests and mountains with many features formed by the processes of glaciation.
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Land use conflicts
Disagreements which arise when different users of the land do not agree on how it should be used.
56
Moraine
Frost-shattered rock debris and material eroded from the
valley floor and sides, transported and deposited by glaciers.
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Pyramidal peak
Where several corries cut back to meet at a central point, the mountain takes the form of a steep pyramid.
58
Ribbon lake
A long, narrow lake found in glaciated valleys formed in locations where the glacier had more erosive power, eg in
areas of softer rock, where the valley gradient temporarily steepened or a tributary glacier joined the main valley.
59
Rotational slip
This occurs when the ice moves in a circular motion. This process can help to erode hollows in the landscape, and deepen hollows into bowl shapes.
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Till
An unsorted mixture of sand, clay and boulders carried by a glacier and deposited as ground moraine over a large area.
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Truncated spur
A former river valley spur which has been sliced off by a valley glacier, forming cliff-like edges.
62
Lake District Tourism facts
The Lake District gets 16.4m visitors every year. Tourism employed over 16,000 people in 2014 and visitors spent over £1 billion.
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Problems with Lake District Tourism
The average price of a house in the village of Grasmere is over £350,000, while the average household income is only £27,000. Many local people cannot afford to stay living in the area.
An estimated 89% of visitors to the Lake District arrive by car. This makes roads very busy.
Businesses in tourist hotspots like Ambleside cater mainly for tourists. About 40% are cafes, restaurants & hotels and around 10% sell outdoor clothing.
More than 16% of properties in the Lake District National Park are second homes or holiday homes. This means there are fewer people living in the area in winter, so some shops and services close down for several months
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Strategies to manage Lake District tourism issues
Zoning schemes mean that some water sports are only allowed in some lakes. Lake Windermere has a 10 knot speed limit for all boats. This keeps peaceful areas for people to enjoy.
In 2012, planning permission was granted for 134 affordable homes and 141 houses that only local people are allowed to buy – they cannot be used as holiday homes or lets.
65
Arid
Very dry and without enough rain for plants. e.g. Sahara Desert.
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Biomes
A large area characterised by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife.e.g.Deciduous Woodland, Tropical Rainforest, Tundra.
67
Climate graph
Show average rainfall and temperatures typically experienced in a particular location. The temperature is shown on a line graph, and rainfall on a bar graph.e.g.
68
Coniferous forest
Consists mainly of the types of evergreen trees (= ones that never lose their leaves) that produce fruit in the form of cones.e.g.Found in northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia where temperatures tend to be lower, and winter tends to last
longer (fir, pine, spruce)
69
Human factors
Reasons to do with people that could affect hosting of an event (World Cup).e.g.Transportation networks (roads, railroads, airports), Population distribution (where people live). Politics.
70
Infra-structure
The basic systems and services that a country needs in order to function properly.e.g.Sewage systems, power plants, IT connections and schools.
71
Lines of Latitude
To find out how far north or south a place is in the world, lines of latitude are used. These lines run parallel to the Equator.e.g.The Equator is at the centre of the lines of latitude and is at 0° latitude. The North Pole is 90° N and the South Pole is 90° S.
72
Lines of Longitude
To find out how far east or west a place is in the world, lines of longitude are used. These lines run from the top of the Earth to the bottom.e.g.0° longitude is the Prime Meridian or the Greenwich Meridian and runs through London.
73
Peninsula
A long piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land into the sea.e.g.Arabian Peninsula, Florida.
74
Physical factors
Natural features and climate that may help in the hosting of an event (World Cup).e.g.East European Plain.
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Plain
A broad area of relatively flat land.e.g.East European Plain.
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Plateau
A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.e.g.Central Siberian Plateau.
77
Population Density
The number of people living in an area equal to the number of people per sq km.e.g.population density for the UK is approximately 260 people per sq km (but if we look at different areas within the UK, we see big differences in density).
78
Population Distribution
The pattern of where people live in an region, country or continent. e.g. In the UK there are more people living in south-east England than in Wales.
79
Semi-Arid
A semi-arid area or climate with little rain but is not completely dry, found on the outer edge of Arid climate areas. e.g. Sahel Region in Sub-Saharan Africa.
80
Steppe
A large area of land with grass but no trees. e.g. Commonly eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia:
81
Taiga
(Also called boreal forest) A biome composed primarily of cone-bearing needle-leaved or scale-leaved evergreen trees. e.g. The taiga lies between the tundra to the north and temperate forests to the south.
82
Tundra
A biome where there a no trees and the ground is always frozen. e.g. Alaska, Canada, Russia, Greenland, Iceland, and Scandinavia.
83
Ablation
Surface removal of ice or snow from a glacier or snowfield by melting.
84
Abrasion
Rocks and stones become stuck in the base and sides of the glacier. These are then rubbed against the bottom and sides of the glacier as it moves.
85
Accumulation
Where snow is added. This is normally at the start of a glacier in a highland area. As more and more snow falls, it is compacted so the bottom layers become ice.
86
Arête
A knife-edge ridge. It is formed when two neighbouring corries run back to back.
87
Corrie
A steep armchair shaped hollow formed by the erosion of the rock by snow and ice. Corries are where new glaciers start to form.
88
Crevasse
A vertical crack in the glacial ice. It may be formed when a glacier begins to move down a steep slope or is forced to make a sharp turn.
89
Drumlin
A long smooth hill shaped like a spoon, created by a glacier.
90
Erosion
The wearing away and movement of the rock, stones and soil by rivers, waves wind or glaciers.
91
Freeze-Thaw Weathering
The action of glacial meltwater on joints, cracks. When the temperature reaches freezing point, the water inside cracks freezes, expands and causes the cracks to widen.
92
Glacier
A huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land. The term “glacier” comes from the French word glace (glah-SAY), which means ice. Glaciers are often called “rivers of ice.”
93
Hanging valley
A valley that hangs above a larger one. If it has a river, the water will pour down to the larger valley as a waterfall.
94
Lateral moraine
The material a glacier deposits on the sides of its routes.
95
Meltwater
Water released by the melting of snow or ice. Meltwater is often found in the ablation zone of glaciers, where the rate of snow cover is reducing.
96
Moraine
The rock material eroded then deposited by a glacier.
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Plucking
When rocks and stones become frozen to the base or sides of the glacier and are plucked from the ground or rock face as the glacier moves. This leaves behind a jagged landscape.
98
Pyramidal peak
A sharp summit and steep slopes on at least three sides. A pyramidal peak may form where three or more corries erode back. They produce arêtes with a pyramidal peak in between.
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Snout
The end of the glacier at any given point in time.
100
Tarn
Lakes found in corries which are formed by glacial erosion. After the glaciers have melted, water collects in the bottom of the corries to form tarns.
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Terminal moraine
Material deposited along the front of a glacier
102
U shaped valley
U-shaped valleys have steep sides and a wide, flat floor. They are usually straight and deep.
103
Match these glaciated areas to their continent: Alps, Rockies, Andes, Himalayas and Pyrenees
Alps (Europe), Rockies (North America), Andes (south America), Himalayas (Asia) and Pyrenees (Europe)
104
Conviction
The act of proving that a person is guilty of a crime in a court of law. This is usually the outcome of a criminal prosecution which concludes in a judgment that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged.
105
Crime hotspot
An area with a particularly high incidence of crime. Hotspots for different crimes can be in different areas (i.e. drunk and disorderly city centre with bars/clubs).
106
Crime Patterns
A group of two or more crimes reported to or discovered by police. Crime patterns help to explain why people commit crimes in certain areas.
107
Crime Rate
The number of crimes that are committed during a period of time in a particular place. The overall crime rate in London in 2020 was 87 crimes per 1,000 people.
108
Choropleth Map
A map which uses differences in shading, colouring, or the placing of symbols within areas to indicate the average values of certain data. Choropleth maps geographically show crime rates of certain crimes.
109
Least Effort Principle
An individual who is given several possible locations to commit a crime, will choose the location that requires the least amount of effort to reach.
110
Mental Map
A personal visualisation of spatial information. In other words, it's a map inside our own minds. We typically use mental maps for finding our way from point A to point B.
111
Primary data
Information that you collect yourself. A crime investigation would involve someone going to an area to research crime rates themselves by conducting a variety of surveys (counting
112
Secondary data
Information that you get from somewhere else. A crime investigation would involve someone getting police data or news articles about crime rates in an area.
113
Qualitative data
Not in numeric form - it can be pictures, words and descriptions. Questionnaire interviews, Field sketches, photographs and maps are all types of qualitative data.
114
Quantitative data
Usually consists of factual information that can be counted and used in fieldwork. Often comes in the form of numbers ( i.e. number of muggings in an area)
115
Target Hardening
Enhancing the security of a building or facility by deterring and delaying threats from penetrating your defences. People may install a burglar alarm and/ or cameras to protect their home.
116
Trend
A general development in a situation or in the way that people behave. In the UK 2020 there were decreases in theft and rises in fraud/computer misuse offences.
117
How can people use the land in a glaciated area?
Quarries and Mining, Forestry, Farming, Tourism
118
Pros and cons of Quarries and Mining in a glaciated area
Quarries and Mining
Good: Erosion by glaciers exposes lots of rock, making it easy to get to. Glacial landscapes are often quarried for slate, granite and limestone.
Bad: Quarrying damages habitats. The noise of the blasting and trucks can scare the wildlife and spoil the peacefulness of the area. Large scars from quarrying may also put tourists off visiting as the area won’t look as attractive. This could mean loss of income for local businesses such as hotels and restaurants.
119
Pros and cons of Forestry in a glaciated area
Forestry
Good: Coniferous (evergreen) forests are often planted in upland areas because these trees can cope with the cold weather and high rainfall. The trees are used for timber for building materials and paper.
Bad: When the trees are chopped down for timber this scares off wildlife and damages habitats.
120
Pros and cons of Farming in a glaciated area
Farming
Good: It’s usually too cold to grow crops, but grass is grown to make hay to feed the sheep and cows.
Good: Cattle are kept on the flatter valley floors.
Good: Sheep farming is common in the upland glaciated areas because the steep slopes and poor soils makes it unsuitable for any other type of farming.
121
Pros and cons of Toursim in a glaciated area
Tourism
Good: Glaciated areas have dramatic landscapes, making them attractive places to visit. Popular activities in these areas include; hiking, climbing, boating, mountain biking and skiing.
Bad: Tourist developments such as hotels and attractions may spoil the natural scenery. For example there is a
visitor centre on the top of Mount Snowdon in North Wales.
Bad: Large numbers of tourists can damage stone walls, scare sheep, leave gates open and drop litter. Some farmers don’t want lots of tourists walking on their land. They may try to block footpaths by putting up fences.
122
Impacts of tourism can be good and bad
Tourism offers employment to local people who work in hotels, shops, cafes & other services. However, these jobs are often only during peak months & are low paid
Tourism keeps local services going. Local buses and shops would have closed down if it wasn’t for the tourists. Locals are able to make use of these facilities. However, sometimes these facilities are closed in the winter months when tourist numbers are low.
Increased traffic causes problems as the country lanes are often narrow and winding. Congestion is common and there isn’t enough car parking available. Lack of car parking spaces mean tourists often park on the side of the roads on grass verges. This damages vegetation. However, developing facilities such as car parks can increase income from tourism (e.g. car park charges). This can be invested into the area to pay for improvements such as repairing footpaths, planting trees and conserving habitats.
