Y9 Infection and Response

Question 1

What are communicable Diseases?

Answer 1

Diseases that are caused by a pathogen
e.g. colds, flu, salmonella

Question 2

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

Diseases that are caused by lifestyles, environmental or genetic factors
e.g. diabetes,cancer

Question 3

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

Answer 3

-bacteria
-viruses
-fungi
-protists

Question 4

What are the 5 methods of pathogen transmission?

Answer 4

-direct contact
-vectors
-dirty water
-unhygienic food preparation
-droplet infections(coughs and sneezes)

Question 5

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 5

Viruses reproduce inside of our cells, this causes damage to our cells

Question 6

How does bacteria reproduce?

Answer 6

Bacteria does not live inside our cells, but instead releases harmful toxins that cause damage

Question 7

What are the stages of virus reproduction? (There are 4)

Answer 7

1. The virus attaches to a specific cell, called the host cell
2. The genetic material from the virus is injected into the host cell where it enters the nucleus
3. New viruses are made using material inside the host cell and the genetic material from the virus. This happens in the cytoplasm of the cell
4. The cells split open, allowing viruses to leave but killing the host cell

Question 8

What is the definition of symptoms?

Answer 8

A physical feature that indicates a disease

Question 9

What is the definition of transmission?

Answer 9

How pathogens spread

Question 10

What is the definition of control

Answer 10

Methods used to reduce the spread

Question 11

What is the incubation period?

Answer 11

Time take between the infection and the appearance of the first symptoms

Question 12

What is the reason for the incubation period?

Answer 12

-time taken for the pathogen to reproduce
-the pathogen being dormant

Question 13

When are people most likely to pass on a pathogen

Answer 13

During the incubation period you may be infectious, which could mean you transmit the pathogen unknowingly

Question 14

How does fungi reproduce?

Answer 14

Fungi reproduce by releasing spores. These can be carried by wind to spread the fungus

Question 15

Why have plants with a fungal disease have stunted growth?

Answer 15

They can not do photosynthesis when infected as they do not have chlorophyll

Question 16

What is a vector?

Answer 16

A vector is the term given to animals that transmit diseases

Question 17

What do white blood cells release?

Answer 17

White blood cells release antibodies and antitoxins

Question 18

What do antitoxins do?

Answer 18

Antitoxins are released by white blood cells when a bacteria produces toxins, antitoxins will neutralise them

Question 19

What do antibodies do?

Answer 19

Antibodies are released by white blood cells when a pathogen is found,
Antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens which will destroy them

Question 20

What structures are there on the surface of pathogens?

Answer 20

Antigens

Question 21

Why is it hard for white blood cells to find the right antibody

Answer 21

Antigens have a unique shape making white blood cells produce a specific shaped antibodies that can bind to these antigens,

They fit together like a lock and key

Question 22

What do memory cells do?

Answer 22

Memory cells can store the information on the specific antibodies to produce

Question 23

What are vaccines and how do they work

Answer 23

Vaccines are injections that contain dead or inactive forms of a pathogen. This stimulates your white blood cells to produce specific sntibodies

Question 24

How does herd immunity work?

Answer 24

Herd immunity occurs when a large proportion of the population are immune to a disease, which reduces the spread of

Question 25

What is the definition for drugs?

Answer 25

Drugs are substances that change body chemistry

Question 26

What are antibiotics and how do they work?

Answer 26

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections. this works by damaging their cells walls and preventing them reproducing.

Question 27

What are pain killers and how do they work?

Answer 27

Painkillers are used to reduce the pain felt. They relieve the symptoms. They work by blocking the receptors in the brain.

Question 28

What is the definition to effective?

Answer 28

Effective- this is also known as efficacy and checks how well the drug cures the disease or improves symptoms

Question 29

What is the definition to dosage?

Answer 29

Dosage- This varies and has to be closely controlled, as too high a concentration might be toxic

Question 30

What is the 3 main stages of drug testing?

Answer 30

-research -preclinical -clinical

Question 31

Why are clinical trials used?

Answer 31

To reduce the effects of bias and make the results more reliable

Question 32

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 32

Monoclonal antibodies are engineered antibodies

Question 33

How do cell walls protect the plant?

Answer 33

Physical barrier to bacteria and fungi

Question 34

How does a tough waxy cuticle protect the plant?

Answer 34

Physical barrier to pathogens

Question 35

How does layers of dead cells around bark protect the plant?

Answer 35

Physical barrier against many threats

Question 36

How goes antibacterial chemicals protect the plant?

Answer 36

Kills bacteria that affects the plant

Question 37

How does toxins protect the plant?

Answer 37

Deter herbivores (which eat plants)

Question 38

How do thorns and hairs protect the plant?

Answer 38

Keeps animals away from the plant

Question 39

How does leaves that droop or curl protect the plant?

Answer 39

By dislodging insects

Question 40

How does mimicry protect the plant?

Answer 40

Pretends to be a poisonous plant to trick animals and insects

Question 41

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 41

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies

Question 42

What is a ciliated- epithelium

Answer 42

A ciliated-epithelium are specialised cells that have tiny hair- like structures