Year 10 term 1 Flashcards
-Nutrition(humans) - Respiration(human, plant, fungi) - Gas exchange(humans) - Transport(human) (213 cards)
1
Q
How many different groups are there for nutrition?
A
7 groups
2
Q
What are 7 groups of nutrition?
A
carbs, fibre, mineral, lipids, protein, water, vitamins,
3
Q
nutrition
This food group is for sugars and starch
A
Carbohydrates
4
Q
Why do we need carbohydrates?
A
Used by body to release energy in respiration
5
Q
3 types of carbs/sugars?
A
Glucose, fructose, sucrose.
6
Q
examples of carbs
A
Rice, bread, potatoes.
7
Q
Difference between monomer and polymer?
A
monomer is a molecule that can be bonded to form a polymer
8
Q
Describe the difference betweeen monosacharrides and polysacharides.
A
a monosacharide is a simple sugar (e.g: glucose) and polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates (e.g: starch)
9
Q
What bonds can turn monosaccharides into a polysaccharide?
A
glycosidic bonds
10
Q
Define Glycogen
A
a polysaccaride store in animals that can be turned into glucose later as needed,
11
Q
Define glycerol
briefly
A
The lipid structure along with fatty acids
12
Q
(7 nutrition groups)
Too much of this causes tooth decay and obesity.
(which nutrition group?)
A
Carbohydrates.
13
Q
Which lipid is healthier; animal oil(salmon or tuna) or plant based oils(olive oil, rosemary oil)? Why?
A
Plant based oils since animal fat based oils conatin saturated fat, which is worse for you.
14
Q
Why do we need Lipids in our diet?
A
Insulation and Protection of organs.
15
Q
Uses of lipids
A
cell membranes, insulation, protection of organs. As well as an energy store.
16
Q
7 nutrients
Meat is the best source of ____
A
Protein
17
Q
____ is needed for growth and repair of tissues
A
Proteins
18
Q
7 nutrients
Even when you stop growing you constantly have to ____ tissues witht he help of ______
A
1.Replace
2.Proteins
19
Q
7 nutrient
_______ is found in carrots, it helps maintain your retina in the eye.
A
Vitamin A-a vitamin
20
Q
7 nutrients
______ helps stick cells and line surfaces to make connective tissues, deficiency of this is called scurvy
A
Vitamin C- a vitamin
21
Q
7 nutrient
______ helps you absorb calcium
A
Vitaim D- a vitamin
22
Q
7 nutrient
______ used for making bones and teeth
A
Cacium-mineral.
23
Q
______ makes heamoglobin, to help carry oxygen deficiency gives you anemia
A
Iron-a mineral
24
Q
7 nutrients
_______ maintains osmosis and blood plasma and is equally a nutrient essential to live.
A
Water
25
# 7 nutrients
_____ gives your guts something to move accross, found in the _____ of plant cell.
1.dietary fibre
2.cellulose
26
# 7 nutrients
We can find this in cellulose of a plant cell
dietary fibre
27
the ____ the avg. body mass, the _______ ______ is required
1.larger
2.more energy
28
# 7 nutrients
Where can I find the mineral Iron?
red meat, liver, leafy veggies
29
# 7 nutrients
Where can i find Fibre?
Cereals, beans, Peas
30
Where can i find vitamin A?
carrots
31
# 7 nutrients
Name a function of minerals
help the body use other nutrients. Since calcium helps bones and iron helps absorb oxygen
32
# 7 nutrients
Name a function of vitamins in general
Helps absorb nutrients, since vitamin D helps absorb calcium.
33
# 7 nutrients
helps repair and growth of hormones, enzymes and anti-bodies
Proteins
34
# 7 nutrients
deficiency of this can lead to rickets and bended limbs
Vitamin D because it helps absorb calcium
35
How to test for starch?
| which test would I use?
Iodine solution
36
Which test would i use for Lipid?
Sudan III/Emulsion test
37
Which test would i use to test for proteins?
Biuret Test
38
What test would i use for sugars?
| not starch, general sugars
Benedicts Test
39
When do you start ageing?
| what age
21 years
40
Define catabolism
'destructive metabolism'; breaking down of complex organisms into simpler ones.
41
Define anabolism
'constructive metabolism'; the synthesis of simple molecules into more complex ones
42
3 features of the stomach that help for chemical digestion.
-Muscle walls that churnt he food
-Pepsin-a chemical that breaks down proteins
-hydrochloric acid is produced to kill bacteria.
43
This is a stomach acid that can kill bacteria
Hydrochloric acid
44
A stomach acid to break down proteins
Pepsin
45
Longitudinal muscles layer has fibres ____ along the ______ of the gut
1. running
2. length
46
Circular muscle layer has fibres arranged in ----, ------ the gut
1. rings
2. around
47
when the circular muscles contract the longitudinal muscles will.... and vice versa
| in the gut+oesophugus
relax
48
scientific word for the 'wall inside of the small intestine?
ileum
49
where are vili found?
inside wall of the ileum
50
what are vili?
tiny projections that essentially help with absorption of minerals/ions of food into the blood
51
What do vili do?
aid absorption of nutrients into blood stream
52
term for outside layer of cell of the vilus
Epithelium
53
One feature of how the vili is adapted for absorption?
1. epithelium is only one cell thick, helps for diffusion
2. Capilaries and veins
54
# alimentary gland
Where is carbohydrase released?
salivary glands, small intestine, and pancrease
55
# alimentary canal
Where is protease released?
Stomach, small intestine, pancrease
56
# almientary gland
Where can i find lipase?
bile, small intestine, salivary gland, and pancrease.
57
2 effects of bile
1. Neatralize acid-to provide the alkali atmosphere needed.
2. emulsifies(makes smaller) the lipids-so the lipase has bigger surface area to work (small round drops are better than a big one)
57
where is bile made and stored?
Made in liver, stored in gall bladder.
58
2 enzymes to break down starch
Amylase and maltase
59
Protein needs what enzyme?
protease
60
What are fatty acids and glycerol?
building block of lipids.
61
The digestive system can aka
alimentary canal
62
mechanical digestion can happen in our
mouths
63
excess glucose is stored as
glycogen (fat)
64
old people have a ____er metabolism therefore they need more ____s and _____s as well as _______(for faeces)
1.slower
2.vitamin
3.mineral
4.dietary fibre
65
Why does a pregnant women need to eat more?
eating for 2- other person is growing
66
What is excess protein stored as?
It builds euric acid
67
2 types of digestion?
chemical and mechanical
68
Do one or both of the digestions happen in the mouth and why?
Both- mechanical from teeth and chemical from the enzyme amylase that breaks down starch and sugars.
69
Do one or both of the digestions happen in the stomach and why?
Both- mechanical from the stomach wall muscles mushing the food and chemical from protease breaking down proteins.
70
What **acid** is in the stomach, thats produced from stomach walls?
What is its purpose?
HCl- hydrochloric acid; the purpose of killing bacteria. Doesn't aid in digestion.
71
# Digestestive system
The muscle contraction that happens in the gut and oesophogus is called....
pestralsis
72
# digestive system
Pestralsis's purpose is to....
contract muscles in order to push the food down the oesophogus or along the gut.
73
Which 2 parts in the alimentary canal can food be held for several hours?
1.stomach
2.gut
74
What 3 enzymes are present in pancreatic juice?
Lipase, trypsin, and amylase
75
Why cant we digest cellulose even though its a starch?
Humans dont have an enzyme to break down the big insoluable molecule
76
duodenum functions
-begin digestive process
-absorption of nutrients
- recieves bile from gall bladder store
- pancreatic juice
- intestinal juices released from its walls.
- absorption of iron and vitamin D
- Neutralizes pH
77
Pancreatic juice: alkaline or alkaline?
alkalin-neutralizes acidic food from stomach
78
Is bile alkaline or acidic
Alakline- neutralizes acidic food from stomach and emulsifies lipids, is not an enzyme
79
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
80
Ileum has ____ which have micro___
1.vili
2.vili
81
Everything is finally absorbed where in the alimentary canal?
ileum, small intestine
82
How are vili adapted for absorption?
1. large surface area(+micro vili)
2. thin diffusion distance of one cell (epithelium)
83
What do vili have that help for lipid absorption
The lacteal
84
Pancreases role/function
Release enzymes and pancreatic juices
85
Where is bile made and stored
Made in liver sotred in gallbladder
86
Colon and rectum function
At this stage we onl have water and dietary fibre left, the colon absorbs the water and rectum holds the waste dietary fibre.
87
Catalysts are made of....
proteins
88
lipase is found where
only in pancrease
89
sucrose is a __sacharride since it contains __and__(monosacharrides)
1.di
2.glucose
3.fructose
90
which sugar/starch is found in fruits?
Fructose
91
Which sugar is found in plant stems like sugar cane?
sucrose
92
Lactose is a__(hint: what kind of sacharride) found in milk, contains glucose+_
1.disacharride
2.galactose
93
Glycogen is a ___mer of glucose
poly(contains monomers of glucose)
94
# 7 nutrients
Milk may have lactose, but it also has ...
Vitamins.
95
# 7 nutrients
Even though cellulose has ---- we cant digest it beacause humans dont have ---- for it, so it passes and helps with ------
1.starch
2.enzymes
3.pestralsis
96
# food tests
Whta is the first thing we must always do to the food before the tests and why?
Food(unless milk) is grinded and mushed then mixed with some water- done to extract the components and dissolve soluable substances.
97
# Food test
Starch test requires
Iodine
98
# food tests
What colour is iodine solution, what colour does it turn if starch is present?
It is yellow-brown and turns blue-black if starch is present.
99
# food tests
GLUCOSE is also known as a --- sugar, because they redcuce copper(--) sulphate to copper (--) ----ide, if glucose is present, this is the ----ish -----tate of the reaction.
1.reducing
2.(II)
3.(I)
4.oxide
5.reddish percipitate
100
why do we need digestion?
To break large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecule sfor absorptionn into blood.
101
# food tests
Describe-in detail, the benedicts test.
The sample, 2cm^3 water and 5ml benedect solution is added in boiling tube. The tube is heated in water bath (safer than a flame) The copper(II) sulphate is reduced and becomes copper(I) oxide if glucose is present and therefore turns the blue benedict solution red as a positive test.
102
# food tests
2 components of biuret solution?
Potassium hydroxide solution(KOH) and Copper sulphate solution (CuS).
103
# food tests
How to conduct a protein test?
biuret- 2cm^3 water and food sample are added to a test tube, shaken, then 5% DILUTE potassium hydroxide solution is added, tube is shaken againt then finally, 1% copper sulphate solution. Purple colour develops if protein is present, otherwise it stays a light blue.
104
# food tests
Why can't we use water to test for lipids? What must we use instead?
Lipids(oils) seperate from water(dont dissolve), We use Ethanol because it will dissolve in ethanol.
105
# food tests
Recall the test for lipids and how its carried out.
With a pippette add olive oil to the bottom of a test tube and 2 cm of ethanol. Tube is shaken and its contents are poured into another tube, and 3/4 of water are added. If a white cloud forms atop the water, lipid is present as ethanol dissolved in water leaving lipid behind as tiny droplets(emulsion)
106
# Energy content
Testing energy content of food(Describe method)
food sample burnt on mounted needle next to water in test tube with thermometer, burn food sample until it no longer re-lights. Stir water with thermometer and record temperature of water. Use formula and feed values to atain energy content of food.
107
2 key facts about formula to find energy content
-4.2 J of energy required to heat 1 degree celcius of water
-1cm^3 water is 1 g.
108
# energy content
recall the formula for energy content in joules per gram.
(final temp. - starting temp. )x 20 g x 4.2 J / mass of food in g
| =energy in Joules per gram
109
# pestralsis
longitudinal muscles are fibres arranged ----- the muscle wall while circular ones form ----- it
1.along
2.around
110
starch broken down with amylase forms ...
maltose, and the maltose must be broken down further to form glucose.
111
where can you find lipase in the alimentary canal?
You can only find it in the pancrease juices.
112
what colour is bile?
Green
113
singular of villi, how long/big they are, and the total SA of them in the intestine lining.
1. vilus
2. 1-2 mm
3. 300 m^2 area.
114
# ileum
epithelium
1 layer cell that helps for diffusion in villi
115
Term for when soluble substances are finally absorbed in alimentary canal
assimilation
116
Faeces is ------ through anus
Egested
## Footnote
NOT excreated. thats the release in respiration.
117
----- ----- help with contraction of vili
Muscle fibres
118
# alimentary canal
4 places where enzymes are released
-Salivary glands
-Gall bladder
Pancrease
-Appendix
-sometimes duodenum
## Footnote
duodenum is usually where reaction take place, only sometimes it releases intestinal juice.
119
absorption start in ---- and ends with ----
1. ileum
2. colon
120
how much protein is recommended everyday?
70 g
121
deficiency of Vitamin A can cause....
Retina weakening
122
deficiency of Vitamin C can cause....
scurvy- bleeding gums
123
deficiency of Vitamin D can cause....
rickets- deforming bones
124
deficiency of Vitamin B1 can cause....
weakened muscles
125
All Vitamin B's help with...
cellular respiration
126
Where are lipids stored?
Under skin, Heart, and kidneys
127
Cholesterol(type of lipid) is also important but too much causes....
Heart disease
128
there are ---- amino acids, our body can make --- of them but we need to consume the other ---, these are called essential amino acids
1. 20
2. 10
3. 10
129
--- of our body mass is protein, its the 2nd largest after -----
1.18%
2.water
130
Every cell needs energy for ------- reactions, energy is gained via ---
1.Metabollic
2. ATP
131
ATP stands for
Adenosine triphosphate
132
ATP cycle:
ATP gets -------ized to loose a -------ate and turn into A---P, signalling the cell to respire and when it does it ----s back a -----ate becoming ATP again.
- Hydrolized
- Phosphate
- ADP
- Gains
- phosphate
133
Which respiration occurs in cytoplasm
Anarobic
134
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
135
Products of anarobic respiration in humans and plants and fungi.
Humans = Lactic acid+ATP
Plants = Ethanol +CO2 + ATP
Fungi(fermentation) = Ethanol + CO2 + ATP
136
Why do cells need energy?
Why do we need energy in general?
1. For metabollic reactions
2. For all life processes, e.g: growth, body temp., contracting muscles, cell division, building large molecules.
137
In aerobice respiration what's the purpose of oxygen
to oxidise the sugar glucose.
138
The formula is the ------ of what happenns in aerobic respiration; in reality the reactants first ----- by different ------, then react, then form products.
1. Summary
2. catalyze
3. enzymes
139
How does respiration help with body temperature
There's heat released by the reaction.
140
Respiration is ----- of food molecules to gain the ----- energy store
1. breaking
2. chemical
141
When we need energy we ----- the ATP breaking a ----- to turn it into ----, this reaction releases energy.
1. hydrolize
2. phosphate
3. ADP
142
in respiration, energy from ----- the glucose adds a ---- to ---, turning it into ATP
1. oxidising
2. phosphate
3. ADP
143
Why do we release less energy in anarobic respiration?
As the glucose isn't completely broken down, infact the products (lactate or ethanol) contain more energy.
144
yeast is a --- - ----ed fungi
single celled
145
ethanol has a ---- energy store, that's why we say the products of anarobic breathing contain more energy than the the energy released.
Chemical
146
a rib can be refferred to as a ---- and the muscles between as ------ -----
1. costal
2. intercostal muscles
147
Lungs are enclosed by...
Thorax, diaphragm and chest.
148
Describe the diaphragms shape
- Dome-shaped
- Muscle fibres forming roof shape(can contract in ventalation)
- muscular edge walls
149
Trachea has --- shaped incomplete ---- rings to give ---- and ---- so it doesn't collapse on itself and to keep it ---.
- C-shaped
- Cartilage
- support
- structure
- open
150
singular of bronchi
bronchius
151
singular of alveoli
alveolus
152
Thorax seperate from lungs using....
| in detail
pleural membranes, which are air tight. There's a space between the 2 structures called the pleural cavity, the outer membranes of the 2 are covered in pleural fluid, so the 2 don't stick when lungs expand for respiration.
153
The traches has some cells covered in ----- to trap bacteria, dirt, etc. and the others are cilia, bristle like structures that ---- back and forth to ---- the ---- away from --- and towards the ----.
1. Mucus
2. Beat
3. sweep
4. mucus
5. lungs
6. mouth
154
Ventalation is....
air moving in and out of lungs
155
Air moves from high---- to low -----, this is why the lungs expand to decrease the ---- and let air in, and contract and become small to decrease ---- and let air out.
1. Pressure
2. pressure
3. pressure
4. pressue
156
Which muscles contract in inhalation?
Which contract in exhalation?
- outer(external) intercostal muscles
- internal intercostal muscles
157
3 things altered in inhalation (in thorax cavity)
- External muscles contract
- Diaphragm flattens(the muscle fibres that form the roof do)
- chest is pulled up/goes up
158
What is the goal of inhalation(when the cavity gets wider) and what about exhalation(when the cavity gets smaller)?
to decrease pressure and let air in, which is why it gets smaller in exhalation to let/force air out.
159
What's emphysma?
| 3 marks
A lung disease that can be caused by smoking when the alveoli walls are damaged and fuse together, decreasing surface area. It's incurable.
160
Lung diseases caused by smoking
- Lung cancer
- bronchitis
- emphysma
161
Cigar smoke contains -----+ gases, but to name a few we have ----,----,----,--- and ----
1. 7000+
2. Ammonia
3. nicotine(addictive)
4. CO
5. Arsenic
6. cyanide
162
Bronchitis is...
The irritation of bronchiole tree.
163
How is lining of air passage effected by smoking?
- More mucus to trap dirty smoke
- destroyed cilia can't remove this extra mucus
- mucus reaches lungs
164
Design a practical for comparing the carbon content of breathing in and out.
- 2 test tubes connected by a tube with and opening
- both test tubes have limewater or hydrogen carbonate indicator
- Person breathes gently in middle of tube with opening
- The air breathed in is directed to a tube, the air breathed out to the other.
- limewater- if positive gives cloudy texture, if negative remains clear
- Hydrogen carbonate indicator: if positive turns yellow, else remains red.
165
Cancer is when cells ----- uncontrollably and make a tumor
mutate
166
CO attaches to the haemoglobin (from cigar) and makes the compound.....
carboxyhaemoglobin
167
Name 2 addictive components of a cigar?
- nicotine
- Tar
168
The build up of these 7000+ gases(from smoking) in your lungs is called....
tar- forms a lining in lungs and passage way not keeping the air way open, blocking it.
169
What is present in the human blood?
- RBC/ Erythrocytes
- WBC/ Lymphocytes/ Phagcyte
- Plasma
- Platelets
170
Role of plasma
To maintain body temperature and transport important elements such as....
- CO2(for removal)
- glucose and cholesterol
- Lactic acid
- Urea
- Antibodies(from WBC)
- Hormones
- amino acids
171
2 types of WBC
| (scientific name of both of these types.)
- Lymphocytes
- Phagocyte
172
Role of lymphocytes
To produce antibodies that stick to the antigen of pathogens
173
Effects on pathogens caused by lymphocytes
The antibodies produced by them (once stuck to antigen of pathogen)can...
- Act as "label" for phagocyte
- It MAY burst pathogen open(but this is the role of phagocytes)
- Neutralizes toxins produced by pathogen
- Slows down pathogen/ makes them stick together so easier for pathogen to engulf.
174
WHat may a vaccine contain?
- Dead pathogen
- Modified toxins of bacteria/ bacteria with modified toxins
- Weaker version of pathogen
- pathogen with no antigen
175
Why may a vaccien have a pathogen without an antigen?
To eliminate antigens proven not useful to train immune sytem( useful antigens already present in this case)
176
# WBC's
What happens after the first exposure/ primary immune response
| (the primary immune response is after the first exposure to pathogen.)
Some lymphocytes become "memory cells"who know how/which antibodies are effected/must be made for a specific antigen/pathogen. Allows for faster antibody production, more fast and more effective (as fast as 3-2 hours)
177
Role of phagocytes
Phagocytosis- Engulf bacteria with the help, and produce digestive enzymes to digest and break it down. Quite literally patrol your blood.
178
Adaptations of phagocytes
- Multi-lobed nuclues- allows to change cytoplasm
- Digestive enzymes
179
Purpose of clotting
- Stop blood loss
- Prevent infection(as skin is torn, skin cannot perform this therefore platelets form a clot to prevent this)
180
# Clotting placide
How do platelets make a clott?
| use the following: fibrogen, fibrin, protein, plasma
Release a chemical, causing "Fibrinogen" (fibrogen proteins) in plasma to form "fibrin"(an insoluable fibre mesh). RBC's also get stuck in this clott.
181
Adaptations of Erythrocytes
- Biconcave shape for better diffusion of gases, more SA.
- No nuclues to maxamise capacity for gases, more SA
- Contains haemoglobin, which is a protein. Has Iron which reacts with oxygen.( So it carries oxygen)
182
What's an Erythrocyte
An RBC- carries oxygen in blood.
183
What/ Where do RBC's pass through?
Narrow blood vessels to respiring cells.
184
How many chambers in the heart? Name them.
There are 4 chambers:
- Right atrium
- right ventricle
- Left atrium
- left ventricle
185
Purpose of the valves in the heart?
So blood only flows in one direction
185
Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right?
As the left ventrilce must pump blood to the whole body, alot of pressure is required for contraction, hence the tissue is thicker.
185
Describe the flow of blood through the heart (link it to the structure and function)
1. Blood enters both atriums, de-oxygenated via vena cava into the right, oxygenated via pulmonary veins on the left.
2. Once full, pressured cuspids open, upper heart contracts, blood flows into ventricles
3. Once full semi-lunar valves open, de-oxygenated goed through pulmonary artery to lungs, oxgenated goes via aorta to body.
4. oxygenated blood from lungs goes through pulmonary vein, at the same time right atrium is filling up with more de-oxygenated blood.
185
# Heart
What's CHD?
Coronary heart disease
186
Factors that may lead to CHD?
- Heredity
- diet
- stress
- high blood pressure
- smoking
- lack of exercise
187
How does CHD develop?
when excess cholesterol builds up in coronary arteries, heart recieves less oxygen, less respiration, less muscle contractions, can be fatal.
188
How does blood pressure contribute to CHD?
Excess pressure leads to damage of walls in narrow areteries, promoting plaque buildup.
189
An adaptation of the cardiac muscle?
Is adapted to contract+relax without fatigue.
190
Heart functions at different ------ and ------ based on the body's needs.
- speed
- pressure
191
Name the 2 cuspids and state their location.
- Tricuspid on the right
- bicuspid on the left
192
What is double circulation?
When blood goes through heart two times before going to the body.
193
Purpose of kidney in ciculatory system
filter urea hormone from blood, important as if not filtered can be fatal
194
Why is single circulation alright in fish but not humnas?
Humans need oxygen fast as large SA, need to maintain high pressure done with double circulation. Fish have small SA, don't need to maintain high pressure.
195
purpose of valves
So that blood doesn't backflow
196
how do valves in veins and heart open and close
when pressure increases, they open, when it decreases they close.
197
How may a valve get damaged?
consequences of this?
By disease.
- swelling
- clotting
- pain+sensitivity
198
Advantages of double circulation
- Pressure can be high and low
- Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is kept seperate
- Concentration gradient is kept steep, important for diffusion.
199
characteristics of single circulation
- One loop
- Concentration gradient is not as steep
- Pressure relativley same throughout
- less valves
- More CO2 as difficult for it to leave
- Suits smaller organisims, with small SA:V ratio
200
Structure and function of veins
Carry blood from organss to heart
- Have valves
- thin muscle fibres
- less muscle/elasticity
201
Structure and function of arteries
Carry blood from heart to organs.
- Thick muscle walls with elastic tissue
- small lumen
202
Structure and function of capillaries
Supply required products and carry waste products, go through organs.
oncell thick for diffusion, have RBC.
203
What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?
Transport oxygen and pump blood to gas exchange organ/other parts of body
204
Pressure in aretries? why?
High- to maintain a fast blood flow and prevent backflow
205
pressure in veins, why?
Low, have a large lumen. Prevent backflow by valves
206
pressure in cappillaries? why?
Low, as thin muscle walls but large lumen. Nothing to prevent backflow.
207
What happens after plaque buildup in coronary artery?
Less blood recieved, less oxygen, anaerobic respiration which leads to lactic acid;pH lowered, enzymes dentaure, cells die, less contractions of heart, can be fatal
208
Formula for Cardiac output
HRxSV
| heart rate x stroke volume(in ml)
209
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