Year 10 term 3 Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Types of pesticides
A
- incesticides
- herbicides
- fungicides
2
Q
Advantages of pesticidies
A
- Accessible and cheap
- Kills all population
- Effective immediately
- only use once for effect
3
Q
disadvantages of pesticides
A
- may resistance
- May kill bees
- bioaccumalation
- Repeatedly applied
4
Q
Disadvantage of Bio control
A
- Species may eat other species
- may become the pest
- may move out of the area
- takes a long time
- NEVER KILLS ALL POPULATION
5
Q
Advantages of biological control
A
- Long lasting
- no pollution
- Targets specific organism
- No need to repeatedly apply
6
Q
Use of potassium in plants
A
- Absorbed as compound
- else brown spots and poor roots
- ATP and enzyme reactions
7
Q
Use of phosphorus in plants
A
- Taken up as phosphates
- DNA and cell membranes
- weak roots and discoloured leaves
8
Q
Deficiency of nitrogen causes
A
Yellow leaves and weak growth as less proteins
9
Q
organic and chemical fertilizer examples
A
- Manure and compost
- spray granules
10
Q
What do weeds do?
A
Take space water and nutrients from soil from other plants
11
Q
Why are fertilizers used?
A
If same soil is repeatedly used for plant growth, nutrients must be replenished
12
Q
What do polytunnels do?
A
- protect from pests
- strong rain or wind
- heat provided
13
Q
What do tropical glasshouses need
A
ventilation
*as heat, need to prevent denature enzymes, also humidity.
14
Q
WHat do glasshouses do
A
allow for controlled growth in enclosed environment by offering control of limiting factors(light, CO2, temperature) for photosynthesis
15
Q
Whatever factor of photosynthesis is the lowest becomes the…
A
limiting factor
16
Q
You can increases crop yields by….
A
growing in a controlled environment
17
Q
How does yeast help bread rise?
A
- Added to flour and water
- yeast as fungi feeds sapotrophically, produces enzymes onto the flour
- flour is broken down into simple sugars
- yeast respires
- CO2 makes bread rise
18
Q
Why does yeast respire anaerobically?
A
anaerobically even if oxygen present as plenty of sugar is there.
19
Q
What happnes to the ethanol from eyast?
A
Broken down from heat in baking, along with yeast cells so bread does not contain alchohol as no more yeast cells to respire and ethanol broken down by heat.
20
Q
Anaerobic resperation in yeast cells is called
A
fermentation
21
Q
process to find effect of temperature on yeast
A
- Add 5g of yeast to 25cm^3 sugar solution in a test tube
- 2cm^S veg. oil on top to prevent aerobic respiration
- add bung and cappillary tube connected at o tube with limewater to measure CO2
- add test tube to a water bath, change temperature and wait 2 minutes
- take a reading of bubbles produced
- repeat with a different temperature
- repeat each temperature again
22
Q
explain effect of temperature on CO2 producation in yeast
A
- ethanol or CO2 production from anaerobic respiration
- needs sugar
- sugar from enzyme feeding
- enzymes at optimum temperature=more respiration.
23
Q
why are bacteria useful in food production?
A
- can make certain chemicals(to turn milk to yoghurt for example)
- can reproduce quickly
- so can make more chemicals quickly
24
Q
how is milk sterilized before lactobactillius is added?
A
- equiptment sterilized
- milk pastuerized 85-95 degrees
25
why is milk sterilized before adding the bacteria lactobactillius
- other unwanted bacteria present
- could make competition for lactose in milk
- slow down the process
- spoil the taste
26
how is lactobactillius added to milk to make yoghurt?
- equiptment sterilized
- milk pasteurized
- milk cooled
- lactobactillius added
- milk incubated at roo temperature
- lactobactillius feeds on lactaose to make lactic acids
- this thickens and increases acidity of milk
- milk becomes yoghurt
- yoghurt cooled to 5 degrees to stop lactactillius process
27
Why is it useful that lactic acid is produced from lactase by lactobacillius bacteria
- pH lowered-kills other organisms, so preservative
- More acidity+thickened milk so yoghurt
- can help be stored longer than milk
28
What can a fermenter make?
- cultures of genetically modified bacteria(penicillin)
- yoghurt
- beer
- mycoproteins
29
Advantages of fermenter
condition can be controlled such aeseptic, temperatures,nutrients and pH
29
How is pH controlled in a fermenter
- measured using a probe
- adjusted using acide or alkali
- based on microorganism being grown
29
How is temperature controlled in a fermenter
- measured through probes
- maintained through water jackets
- so enzymes not too slow or enzymes denature
29
how is oxygenation controlled in a fermenter
oxgyend delivered thorugh an air tube for aerobic resperation of bacteria
30
why are nutrients ina fermenter controlled
for respiration, growth and reproduction.
30
WHy is there agitation in a fermenter?
to ensure nutrients, oxygen, and temperature are evenly distrubuted
30
How is fermenter sterilized and why?
By steam to kill unwanted organisms that could interfere/grow, prevents chemical contamination.
30
# yield of fish farming
diseases
- antibiotics to prevent diseases contamination in confined area
- kept in small groups
30
advantages of fish farming
- less overfishing
- more fish population
- selective breeding
- protection from predatrors
- fed proper nutrients
- no mercury from flesh so less pollutants
30
# yield of fish farming
water quality
remove waste prodcuts
oxygen
30
how is yield of fish farms increased?
- contorl water quality
- control diseases
- control intraspecifc predation
- control interspecific predation
- selective brededing
- frequent feeding
- removed waste products
31
# yield of fish farming
intraspecifc predation
- same species fight
- seperated by age and size
31
# yield of fish farming
interspecifc predation
- diff species
- they are seperated by fences, nets, and tanks.
32
# yield of fish farming
quality of food
- nutrients
- in small amounts so dont overeat or eat e/o
33
# yield of fish farming
selective breeding
- desired characteristics
- passed on
- desired market
- seperated b gender
34
what characterisitics aim to be developed by selectively breeding plants
- disease resistance
- crop yields
- hardiness to weather
- larger flowers
- unsusual flowers
- beter fruits
35
problems with selective breeding in plants
- inbreeding
- only the best chosend
- less alleles in a gene pool of population
- leads to possibility of more harmful genetic defects
- unable to withstand new diseases.
36
factors of natural selection
- naturally occurs
- takes a long time
- allows them to be adapted for survival
37
factors of artificial selection
- breeded to our liking, less liely to survive
- occurs by our choosing
- is quick as only to favourable reproduce.
38
selective breeeding or
artificial breeding
39
how is selective breeding carried out
- desirable characteristice bred together
- but most likely not 100% desirable yet
- those offspring with mor edesired characteristice re-bred
- process is repeated for many years until you can say you have new breed
40
defien in vitro
outside of an organism
41
defien tissue culture/micropropogation
using a small piece fo plant tissue and growing it. usign nutrient media
42
defien callus
small masses of cells
43
describe how to carry out microporpagation
- explants(some cells) froma parent plant with sterile tools
- into sterile water
- into sterile agar ejelly
- grow into callus
- placed into plant hromones
- grow roots and shoot
- becomes a plantlet(is grown)
44
why is there cotton wool in propgation
prevent bacteria but allow gas exchange
45
Advantages of tissue cultures
- disease free,k abroad
- cheap
- made quickly
- can grow into mature plant
- large quantity with desriable characteristic retained(identical)
- preserves rare species
- any time of year
46
disadvantages of tissue culture
- sterile equiptment needed
- trained staff
- all are vulnerable to same diseases and pests as genetically identical
47
process of embryo cloning
- Egg cells from the best cow are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from the best bull
- This forms an embryo
- The developing animal embryo is then split apart many times before the cells of the embryo become specialised
- This forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical
- These cloned embryos are then transplanted into host mothers
- The calves born from these host mothers are all genetically identical
48
dult cell cloning process
- The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
- The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell, is inserted into the egg cell
- A very small electric shock stimulates the egg cell to divide (by mitosis) to form an embryo
- These embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult skin cell
- When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female (known as the surrogate mother) to continue its development until birth
49
benefits of cloning
- high quality livestock
- preserve a species
- large quantity of plants
50
risks of cloning
- not as healthy
- smaller gene pool
- may clone humans (😱)
51
outline pharming
- cow with lots of other cells of other cows, gets one foreign gene in its genetic network
- this foreign gene comes to light in its milk as it helped it produce a useful compound
- using this cow you can clone to make a herd of high yielding cows
52
Pharming has helped produce
- antibodies
- blood clotting factor IX
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin
53
outline how to get a transgenic cow
- milk is thicker with gene 1 from humans
- body cell is taken, with gene 1, inserted into COW egg cell
- egg cell is grown in host cow
- host cow gives birth to transgenic coz
- transgenic cow has gene 1 in its milek
54
altered DNA
recombinant DNA
55
Process of genetic modification in bacteria(insulin)
- Using restrictive enzymes, cut specific part of human insulin prouducing gene with sticky ends(backbone) that are complimentary to other bases with sticky and same size
- repeat on area of a plasmid
- using ligase and advantage of the sticky ends, add the human gene to the plasmid
- recombinant DNA made
- place into bacteria
- Identify, extract and place bacteria into nutrients
- bacteria aesexually reproduces
- reproduced transgenic bacteria make insulin
- insulin can be harvested and sterilized
56
WHy would you use genetic modification in crops?
- More vitamins
- resistant to diseases and pests
- resistant to herbicides
57
advantages of crop modification
- increase yields of crop as no weeds
- no need to buy pesticides if can resist pests
- sheaper and less time consuming
58
drawbacks of GMplants
- increase costs of seed
- if weeds get the same gene for resistance via pollinaition
- more expenses for the resistant pherbicides so work on weeds and not plant
- do not grow as well as non-Gmplants
- herbicides can kill birds and insects, reducing biodiversity
59
how can genetically modified bacteria be grown
in a fermenter
60
Plasmids and viruses act as
vectors
## Footnote
can carry genetic aterial to into recombinant DNA of other cells
