Year 10 term 2 Flashcards
idk yet lol (138 cards)
1
Q
Define Excretion
A
The body’s way of getting rid of toxic substances, excess substances, or metabollic waste
2
Q
Define Metabollic waste
A
Waste in the body from chemical reactions
3
Q
Why is faeces not “excreted”
A
As faeces is not a waste product, simply just undigested food, hence it is egested and not excreted.
4
Q
Metabolic waste in skin
A
-Mineral ions.
- Water and carbon dioxide(from respiration and sweat glands)
5
Q
Excretory products from metabolic reactions in kidney’s?
A
- Water
- Urea
- Salt(ions)
6
Q
Excretory products from metabolic reactions in Lungs
A
Carbon dioxide and water
7
Q
Excretory products from metabolic reactions in Liver
A
Urea(from amino acids)
8
Q
Why is excretion important?
A
- Toxic products building up
- Osmotic effects
- Take valuable storage in cells
9
Q
Why is excretion important in terms of carbon dioxide and water?
A
CO2 and H2O may dissolve, become an acidic product, lowering pH of cells and denaturing enzymes
10
Q
What osmotic effects may take place if metabolic waste not excreted?
A
Outside of cells becomes aturated/high conc. and osmosis of water of cells takes place, cells shrivel.
11
Q
Define homeostasis
A
Condition of body is relatively constant
12
Q
Function of kidney
A
To filter blood and other body fluids of unwanted substances such as excces water, solutes, and urea
13
Q
What is the surrounding of cells internally
A
The internal environment; it consists of blood and tissue fluid
14
Q
Composition of tissue fluid
A
- Solutes
- glucose
- salts
- (composition is similar to plasma, it only lacks plasmatic proteins)
15
Q
Where do the substances present in tissue fluid come from?
A
They are leaked from cappillaries
16
Q
What does the internal environment regulate?
A
- CO2
- glucose conc.
- salts
- water
- body temperature
17
Q
What is needed for blood + tissue fluid’s optimum condition?
A
Homeostasis
18
Q
What happens to internal environment if homeostasis is not present?
A
Osmotic effects.
19
Q
—– build up is toxic to cells
A
urea
20
Q
Waste substances in blood
A
- Urea
- Excess hormones
- Excess salts
- Uric acid
- Excess water
- Ammonia
- Creatinine
21
Q
What is osoregulation?
A
Osmotic balance-water and salt conc. maintained.
22
Q
What does baldder store?
A
Urine from kidneys(excess water, salts, urea)
23
Q
Blood enters kidney via…
A
Renal artery
24
Q
State the phases from pelvis to sphintcer muscles
A
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethera
25
WHich of the sphincter muscles is voluntary?
Lower
## Footnote
Upper relaxes as soon as the bladder is full
26
What does the cortex contain?
Tiny blood vessels(artioles and arteries) from renal artery
27
Nephrons can also be known as
Kideny tubules
28
Medulla has....
Pyramids that the nephrons pass through to empty into the pelvis
29
Define glomerulus
The cappillary bundle attached to bowman's capsule, blood enters the nephrons through these, blood enters the glomerulus through renal artery artioles
30
Define bowman's capsule
Holds glomerulus
31
What happens to nitrogen from amino acids?
broken down in liver into urea, then it is passed into the blood to be carried to kidney's
31
Why is nitrogen from amino acids harful?
Because unlike carbs and lipids, it cannot be stored, they have: C,H, and O while proteins have C,H,O, and N. Carbs and lipids can be stored in liver or under skin and tissue. Nitrogen cannot.
32
What 2 types of an organ is the kidney?
Homeostatic and excretory organ
33
Where does selective reabsorption happen IN A NEPHRON?
Proximial convulated tubule
34
Where does ultrafiltration take place in a nephron?
Glowmedaurus capsule ---->bowman's capsule
35
Descending loop of henle...
Via active transport, water moves out and salts stay in
36
Ascending loop of henle
Important salts and more water move out of nephron via active transport
37
A nephron cell has lots of ------ for --------
1. glucose
2. Active transport
38
The products of ultrafiltration in a nephron
| (whatthey are called)
glumoral filtrates
39
WHat happens when you do not drink enough water?(kidneys)
Blood becomes concentrated, less ADH released, kidneys produce less urine
40
What happens when you drink alot of water to kidneys?
Blood becomes dilute,less ADH released into blood, kidneys walls become less premeable, less active transport, urine retains alot a of water.
41
WHat does ADH do?
Makes walls of nephron less premeable so less active transport and osmoregulation takes place.
42
defien homeostasis
the act of balancing the internal environment even in response to internal and external conditions
43
2 examples of conditions kept homeostasis
- body temperature
- Water concentration
44
Contraction of a muscle in response to receptor organ makes it a type of ----- organ
Effector
45
chain from stimuli---->response
stimuls ----> receptor ---> coordinator -----> effector -----> response
46
An example of a coordinator system
nervous or endocrine system
47
Role of receptors
detects a stimulus and converts to electric nerve impulses
48
The ear is a receptor organ of balance. What energy does it recieve?
Mechanical(KE)
49
How does endocrine pass impulses?
as chemicals through blood
50
Effector/co-ordinating system is......
1. slow to respond but effect is long lasting
2. Fast to respond but response is short lived
- Endocrine
- Nervous
51
The following coordination system targets....
1. An organ
2. A specific location
- Endocrine
- Nervous
52
The endocrine system helps balance...
- Metabolism
- reproduction
- growth
- development
53
Why is it important to keep body temperature homeostasis?
As enzymed begin to denature and cells work slower at higher temperatures
54
Why is it important to keep water concentration homeostasis?
for osmotic balance and conditions
55
Why is it important to keep glucose concentration in blood homeostasis?
So osmotic effects do not shrivel cells if excess(or get stored as fat in liver).
And so it doesnt effect brain activity if deficiency.
56
What effects the intensity of waste products in plants?
Light intensity
57
How does a plant get rid of toxins/chemicals that cannot be turned into something useful
store it int he dying part of plant, e.g: dying leaf about to fall of.
58
What helps drain contents in the artieoles into the bowman's capsule?
High pressure
59
Where is water reabsorbed in a nephron?
Loop of henle (ascending and descending) , excess in collecting duct reabsorbed.
60
An adaptation of nephron
Many mitochondria for ATP and active transport
61
Examples of things need to be kept homeostasis in internal environment in mammals:
- Core body temperature
- Metabolic waste (eg. carbon dioxide and urea)
- Blood pH
- Concentration of glucose in the blood
- Water potential of the blood
- Concentration of respiratory gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) in the blood
62
WHere is core temperature managed?
The thermoregulatory centre at the base of the brain as blood passes through it.
63
What happens to oxygen in the plant during daytime?
the rate of respiration decreases while photosynthesis increases, hence it is excreted as a waste product
64
WHat does a dark yellow urine tell us?
- It's concentrated in glucose and urea
- less water
65
Define tropism
Directional growth in response to light/gravity/moisture
66
# tropisms
MOving towards the stimulus means the tropism is....
positive, example: roots growing down is positive gravitropism
## Footnote
vice versa for photosynthesis
67
Define an auxin
The plant growth hormone, inhibits growth in roots and promotes in shoots.
## Footnote
*in reality it promotes/inhibits cell elongation, not growth.
68
Where is auxin made?
At the shoots
## Footnote
*Does not need to be produced in roots, but shoots must continue to grow
69
unequal distrubution of auxins....
due to light(auxins avoid light) and gravity(they fall to the bottom of root cells) leads to tropisms(plants bending and roots growing downwards.)
70
A bundle of neurons forms a...
nerve
71
CNS
- Central nervous system
- Brain
- spine
72
Function of mylein sheath
- Insulated
- prevents short circuiting with other axons
- made of **schawnn** cells(type of specialized cell) while developing
73
Spaces between mylein sheaths
Nodes
74
An effector must be a...
muscle or gland
75
Axon and dendrils are ------ -------- of a neuron
Cytoplasmic extensions
76
WHy is it good that some of our nerves are long?
- Less time is wasted from transferrign impulses
- faster, can react more quickly
77
the CNS is an example of a
centeral co-ordinating system
78
Adaptations of sensory neurons
- long mylein sheaths.
- Cell body is in the middle
- produces impulses when stimulated
79
Adaptations of relay cells
- SHort
- Small body
- many dendrites to connect.
80
Motor cells adaptations
- LOng and large body
- Lond dendrites
81
2 places where dendrites of motor neurons connect
- End of fibre in CNS
- Neuromuscular junction to effector organ
82
Fibre connecting to a CNS is...
Axon
83
Amount of information/reaction of co-ordination and response depends on the...
input and output of the CNS
84
The first axon is the...
pre synaptic neuron
85
Synaptic cleft
gap between the neurons
86
How do neurotransmitters reach the other neuron?
Diffuse from vesicle through gap to bind with receptor molecules, complementary to them
87
Second neurone
postsynaptic membrane
88
Synapses ensure...
impulses only travel in one direction, as they destroy themselves to prevent repeated/continued simulation.
89
where are neurotransmitters kept until next impulse?
Vesicles
90
Define reflex response
An unconcious reaction to a stimulus, involuntary and helps keep us safe(as it is fast).
91
Defien reflex arc
The pathway the electrical impulses (traveling via neuron) decide to take.
92
Reflex arc of perosn stepping on pin.
- Stimuli:pin hitting skin
- Receptor in skin
- Sensory neurones to CNS
- CNS has relay neurones sending impulses to motor
- Motor neurons carryign impulses to effector
- effector muscle contracts
- leg contracting is the response.
93
What co-ordinates neurons?
Nervous system
94
Purpose of hormones
to transmit inofrmation to signal a change in target organ, this then triggers the response.
95
Advantage of glands
Release hormones directly into blood rather than via duct.
96
5 common hormones
- Adrenaline
- Insulin
- testortone
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
96
Role of Insulin
Regulate blood glucose, found in liver and pancrease
## Footnote
made in pancrease along with other enzymes
97
Hormones involved in mentruation in females
- Oestrogen(regulating menstrual cycle)
- Progestrogen(uterine lining)
- Follice stimulating hormone(Stimulates egg maturing)
- Luteinising hormone (release egg)
98
How does insulin maintain too much glucose in blood?
- Cells in pancrease detect high glucose
- insulin to muscles and liver
- muscles and liver begin to make glucose into insoluble glycogen
- There is less glucose in the blood, insulin production stops
98
Insulin controlling too little glucose
- cells detect change
- Make glucagon
- Muscles, liver and skin turn glycogen into glucose
- (adrenaline also helps with this process, so it's also released)
- Blood sugar normal, they stop
99
What happens if there is too much blood sugar?
Osmosis of water moving out of cells
100
What if there is too little blood sugar
cells in brain cannot respire, brain malfunctions, can be deadly.
101
Adrenaline hormone....
- Dilation of vessles so more blood
- Redirection of blood from alimentary to muscles
- Increase in heart and breathign rate
## Footnote
aka fight or flight hormone/response.
102
Testosterone
- in male testes
- Causes secondary sexual characteristics in males
103
Progesterone
- Femal ovaries
- Maintains uterine lining in pregnancy
104
Oestrogen
- In ovaries
- Maintains menstruation cycle and secondary sexual charactaristics in females
105
Follicle stimulating hormone
- From pituitarary gland
- Maturing of egg in ovary
106
Luteinising hormone
- release of egg into ovary duct
- ovualtion
107
Where does progesterone come from?
Empty follicle lining, corpus lutem.
108
How does our skin help us cool down?
- Hair erectors relax, hair flattens, to prevent insulation and allo ari circulation and loss of heat via raditation
- sweat glands, as sweat evaporates we cool
- Vasodilation in aertrioles; muscle relaxes so more blood and heat loss from blood via radiation.
109
How does our skin keep us warm?
- Hair erectors tighten, trap air, less heat loss by radiation
- Vasoconstriction
- shivering tighten, reflex, causing aerobic respiration (exothermic)
110
The eye has ----- for light stimul and ---- for colour stimuli
- rods
- cones
## Footnote
cells in retine that detect each.
111
When ciliary contract, the suspensory muscles ------ and the lens becomes ------, so that more refraction takes place
1. Loosen(so it doesnt tug the lens)
2. Fatter
112
When ciliary relax, the suspensory muscles ------ and the lens becomes ------, so that less refraction takes place.
- tighten
- Thinner
113
How does the eye deal with a close-up object?
Ciliary muscles contract, so less refraction and can focus better.
114
How does the eye deal with a far away object?
Ciliary muscle relaxes, less refraction, can focus on distant object
115
Eye and dim light.
- Radial contract
- circular relax
- Pupil dilates
- more light enters
116
eye dilation is a ---- reaction
reflex
## Footnote
as it protects us and helps us see better
117
Eye and bright light
- radial relax
- circular contract
- pupil constricts
- less light enters
118
function of Retina
Area fro light to be refracted and recieved by optic nerve, at the back of eye
119
function of choroid
fluid protecting retina(back of eye) from light
120
function of blind spot
area of retina with no optic nerve, rods, or cones.
121
function of lens
Can fatten and thin to allow light amounts to enter
122
function of pupil
Hole allowing light to enter eye
123
function of cornea
Thin flab on top or iris, refracts light
124
function of Aquaeous humour
Fluid between cornea and iris
125
Function of iris
controls how much light enters pupil
126
function of Optic nerve
sensor neuron carrying impulses from eye to brain.
127
function of scletra
Hard outer muscle of eye giving shape and place for muscles to attach
128
function of Suspensory muscles
Will connect ciliary to lens
129
function of ciliary muscles
Contract and relax to control light refraction in lens
130
function of foven
Region in retina with highest amount of cones
131
function of vitrus humour
Jelly like substance in eye
132
Name a place where a hormone is released
Thyroid gland, hypothalmus, pancreatic duct, adrenal glands.
133
Menstrual cycle time period
28 days
134
Oestrogen regulated how?
- MOre FSH
- Oestrogen released to inhibit
- hypothalmus gets signal and produces LH
135
---- maintaind the middle uterus lining, where the egg lands, and -----thickens the lining
- progesterone
- oestrogen.
