ZOOLOGY - Nervous System (Supplementary)

Question 1

Largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking, memory and voluntary movements

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres.

Facilitates communication between the two sides of the brain.

Answer 2

Corpus callosum

Question 3

This is the deep groove that separates the cerebrum into two hemispheres: the left and right.

Answer 3

Longitudinal fissure

Question 4

The raised folds or ridges on the surface of the cerebrum.

Answer 4

Gyri

Question 5

The grooves or depressions between the raised ridges

Answer 5

Sulci

Question 6

Connects the brain to the spinal cord and is responsible for
regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

The lower, stalk-like part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord.

Answer 6

Brainstem

Question 7

Involved in motor movement, particularly eye movements, and auditory and visual processing.

Answer 7

Midbrain

Question 8

Acts as a bridge between different parts of the nervous system and plays a role in regulating breathing and sleep patterns.

Answer 8

Pons

Question 9

Controls essential autonomic functions such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

Answer 9

Medulla oblongata

Question 10

These are a series of interconnected cavities or fluid-filled spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF).

Answer 10

Ventricles

Question 11

Functions for cushioning the brain, removing waste, and maintaining pressure within the skull.

Answer 11

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 12

Where is the two lateral ventricles located in?

Answer 12

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 13

Where is the third ventricle located in?

Answer 13

Between the two halves of the diencephalon

Question 14

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

Answer 14

Found near the brainstem and connects to the spinal cord via the central canal.

Question 15

What primarily produces CSF?

Found in the ventricles

Answer 15

Choroid plexus

Question 16

Ensures that CSF is chemically balanced and protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.

Answer 16

Blood-brain barrier

Question 17

Consists primarily of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It is where synapses (connections between neurons) occur.

Answer 17

Gray Matter

Question 18

Why does gray matter appear grayish?

Answer 18

Due to the high content of nuclei and the lack of myelin,
which would otherwise give the tissue a white appearance.

Question 19

Involved in sensory processing, voluntary muscle control, decision making and memory.

Where gray matter is most concentrated in

Answer 19

Cerebral Cortex

Question 20

Located deep within the cerebrum, are also part of gray matter and are involved in the regulation of voluntary movements.

Answer 20

Basal ganglia

Question 21

Long, slender projections from neurons that transmit electrical signals between different regions of the brain.

Answer 21

Myelinated axons

Question 22

Why does the myelin sheath appear white?

Answer 22

The myelin sheath surrounding these axons appears white because it is rich in lipids (fats).

Question 23

Facilitate communication between different parts of the brain.

Answer 23

White Matter

Question 24

Gives white matter its lighter color and acts as insulation, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.

Answer 24

Myelin sheath

Question 25

Stains the myelin and used to identify white matter

Answer 25

Luxol Fast Blue & Nissl stain

Question 26

Primarily involved in processing and integrating information. These areas are involved in sensory perception, decision-making, and controlling voluntary motor activities.

Answer 26

Gray matter regions

Question 27

Act as communication highways, transmitting signals between different regions of gray matter.

Answer 27

White matter regions

Question 28

Functions for decision-making, problem-solving, planning, voluntary motor control, speech, and higher cognitive functions.

Answer 28

Frontal lobe

Question 29

Involved in personality expression and complex decision-making.

Answer 29

Prefrontal cortex

Question 30

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

Answer 30

Motor Cortex

Question 31

Functions for sensory processing, spatial awareness, and the manipulation of objects.

Answer 31

Parietal Lobe

Question 32

Processes touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the body’s position in space).

Answer 32

Somatosensory cortex

Question 33

Functions for visual processing.

Answer 33

Occipital Lobe

Question 34

Processes visual information received from the eyes. It is involved in interpreting aspects of vision, including color, movement, and depth perception.

Answer 34

Visual cortex

Question 35

Functions for auditory processing, memory, and emotion.

Answer 35

Temporal Lobe

Question 36

Processes sound

Answer 36

Auditory cortex

Question 37

Play a crucial role in memory formation and emotional responses.

Answer 37

Hippocampus & Amygdala

Question 38

Vital for maintaining basic bodily functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, and reflexes. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Answer 38

Brainstem

Question 39

Functions for visual and auditory processing, motor control, and regulation of alertness.

Answer 39

Midbrain

Question 40

The roof of the midbrain processes sensory information related to vision and hearing.

Answer 40

Tectum

Question 41

Involved in eye movement and visual attention

Answer 41

Superior colliculi

Question 42

Responsible for auditory processing

Answer 42

Inferior colliculi

Question 43

Involved in reward, addiction, and motor control. It produces dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in motor control.

Answer 43

Substantia Nigra

Question 44

Relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and plays a role in breathing and sleep regulation.

Answer 44

Pons

Question 45

Connect the cerebellum with the rest of the brain, assisting in motor coordination and fine-tuning movement.

Answer 45

Pontine nuclei

Question 46

Essential for maintaining arousal and alertness.

Answer 46

Reticular formation

Question 47

Controls autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Also controls reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Answer 47

Medulla Oblongata

Question 48

Regulates heart rate

Answer 48

Cardiac center

Question 49

Controls blood vessel diameter

Answer 49

Vasomotor center

Question 50

Manages the rate and depth of breathing

Answer 50

Respiratory center

Question 51

Involved in the coordination of voluntary movements and motor learning.

Answer 51

Cerebellum

Question 52

Functions of the cerebellum

Answer 52

1. Motor coordination 2. Balance and posture 3. Motor learning

Question 53

Involved in emotional processing, memory, and motivation.

Answer 53

Limbic system

Question 54

Involved in the processing of emotions, especially fear, pleasure, and anger. It helps form emotional memories and is linked to emotional responses to stimuli.

Answer 54

Amygdala

Question 55

Plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. It is involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memories and plays a central role in learning.

Answer 55

Hippocampus

Question 56

Functions of the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 56

1. Cushioning and protection 2. Waste removal 3. Chemical stability