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Zoonoses Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of zoonoses

A

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans, where the source of the disease is from the animal

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2
Q

WHO definition of zoonoses

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrae animals and humans

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3
Q

Definition of anthropnonosis

A

‘Reverse zoonoses’ in that humans are infecting the animals

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4
Q

Examples of anthropnonosis

A

Influenza affecting birds and pigs
Strep throat affecting dogs
Leishmaniasis affecting dogs

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5
Q

Definition of emerging zoonoses

A

A zoonosis that is newly recognised or newly evolved, or that has previously occurred but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical host or vector range

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6
Q

Zoonoses can be caused by…

A

Virus
bacteria
fungus
parasite

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7
Q

Zoonoses pathogens developed strategies to ensure own survival/propagation including…..

A

Causing a chronic infection to survive
OR
Have a non-human reservoir

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8
Q

Examples of bacterial zoonoses

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Brucella
E. coli (verotoxigenic)
Plague 
Leptospirosis
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9
Q

Examples of viral zoonoses

A 
Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola
Yellow fever
West nile fever
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10
Q

Examples of parasitic zoonoses

A

Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Echinococccosis

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11
Q

Examples of fungal zoonoses

A

Dermatophystoses (Ringworm)

Sporotrichosis

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12
Q

What virus causes rabies?

A

Lyssavirus

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13
Q

How to catch the virus of rabies

A

From the bite of an infected animal

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14
Q

Incubation period of rabies

A

2 weeks to several months

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15
Q

Pathology of rabies once infected

A

Travels to brain via peripheral nerves - so where you are bitten is important
When it reaches the CNS it is 100% fatal
Causes an acute encephalitis

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16
Q

Presentation of rabies (once got an acute encephalitis)

A 
Malaise
Headache
Fever
Progressing to mania, lethargy and coma
Over production of saliva and tears
Unable to swallow and 'hydrophobia'
Death by respiratory failure
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17
Q

Investigations for rabies (difficult)

A

PCR of saliva or CSF

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18
Q

Immediately after the bite, what is given?

A

Post exposure prophylaxis

  • human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
  • Infiltrated around bite (if possible)
    • 4 doses if rabies vaccine over 14 days
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19
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis of rabies

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A

Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
Infiltrated around bite (if possible)
+ 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

20
Q

What is brucellosis?

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A

Small, gram -ve coccobacilli

21
Q

Brucellosis is now a rare disease in the UK, but used to be an occupational hazard of…

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A

Farmers
Vets
Slaughterhouse workers

22
Q

Where are brucellosis organisms excreted?

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A

Milk
Placenta
Aborted foetus

23
Q

How do humans get infected by brucellosis?

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A

During milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

24
Q

3 species of brucellosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Melitensis
Suis
Abortus

25
Most virulent species of brucellosis
Melitensis
26
Incubation period of brucellosis
5 - 30 days (up to 6 months)
27
Symptoms of brucellosis
``` Acute (1-3 weeks) - high undulant fever - weakness - headaches - drenching sweatings - splenomegaly Subacute (>1 month) - fever - joint pains (knee, hip, back) Chronic (months to years) - flu like symptoms - malaise - depression - endocarditis - chronic arthritis - rarely meningitis - epididymo-orchitis - splenomegaly Subclinical (commonest) - 50% of exposed have +ve serology ```
28
Treatment of brucellosis infection
Long acting doxycycline for 2-3 months + rifampicin or IM gentamycin for first week(s) Add cotriomoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease
29
Types of leptospirosis
L. icterogaemorrhagica | L. hardjo
30
Where is L. icterogaemorrhagica found?
Fish | Rats
31
Symptoms of L. icterogaemorrhagica
Flu like symptoms then jaundice renal failure
32
Where is L. hardjio found?
Cattle
33
Symptoms of L. hardjio
Fever Meningism NO JAUNDICE most have no history of illness
34
Life cycle of leptospirosis
1. thin highly mobile spirochoetes, mainly resevior host. survive in environment for weeks to months 2. penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness. Humans are incidental hosts
35
What contact of leptospirosis leads a human to catch it?
Direct contact with animal | Contact with environment (water) contaminated with their urine
36
Incubation period of leptospirosis
2-30 days (10-14)
37
Symptoms of leptospirosis
``` Undifferentiated fever Myalgia Headaches Abdominal pain Severe disease 5-15% - weil's disease - pulmonary haemorrhage - fatality in 5-40% ```
38
Weil's disease is a triad of....
1. Jaundice 2. AKI 3. Bleeding
39
Investigations of leptospirosis
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) ELISA serology PCR Culture - take at least 1 week on special media
40
Treatment of leptospirosis
``` Early treatment - doxycycline for mild disease - IV penicillin for severe Prompt dialysis Mechanical ventilation ```
41
What is lyme borrelios and where is it found?
Spirochaete | Found in wild deer
42
What is lyme ricinius transmitted by?
Ticks
43
The vector for lyme borrelios thrives in what environment?
Active > 4C | Humidity
44
What time of the year is lyme borrelios most common?
Summer months
45
Presentation of lyme borrelios
``` Erythra migrans - 3-90 days after the bite ACA (acrodermatitis chronica atroficans) - elderly - blue-reddish discolouration - extensor surfaces of distal extremities - peripheral neuropathy common Lymphocytoma Neuroborreliosis (15%) - traid of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain, lymphocytic meningitis - 2-6 weeks after the bite Cardiac disorders Arthritis (large joints, often knees) ```
46
Investigations of lyme
EM clinical diagnosis High serology titres and ACA + lymphocytoma clinical Arthritis - very high serology titres from synovial fluid - PCR
47
Treatment of lyme
Oral doxycycline or amoxicillin OR IV ceftrixazone Most manifestations treat for 21 days (28 days in arthritis or ACA)

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