Zoonotic Disease

Question 1

zoonosis

Answer 1

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans

Question 2

what percent of existing disease in humans are zoonoses?

Answer 2

60%

Question 3

what percent of new diseases in humans are zoonoses?

Answer 3

75%

Question 4

why are there so many emerging zoonoses?

Answer 4

more direct contact with animals in pet and food animal environments
climate change has lead to habitat displacement and more encroachment on wildlife

Question 5

what are the five stages of zoonotic disease?

Answer 5

1. pathogen is present in animals but does not infect humans under normal conditions (feline distemper)
2. pathogen can be transmitted from animals to humans but cannot be spread from human to human (Nipah)
3. pathogen can be transmitted from animals to humans and can pass between humans. pathogen is not well adapted and will die put after a few cycles of transmission (Ebola)
4. pathogen can be transmitted from animals to humans and can pass between humans. can adapt to living in humans for long period of time without going back to animals (cholera)
5. pathogen that exclusively infects humans. pathogen may have co-evolved with humans recently and evolved into a specialized human pathogen (HIV)

Question 6

what people are more susceptible to zoonoses?

Answer 6

infants
children
pregnant women
people undergoing chemo
immunocompromised
elderly
occupation with animals

Question 7

what animals are more susceptible to zoonoses?

Answer 7

immunosuppressed
higher producing
reptiles
young animals
animals with diarrhea
exotic and wild animals

Question 8

common zoonotic disease in dogs

Answer 8

rabies
ringworm
salmonellosis
leptospirosis
lyme
campylobacter
giardia
roundworms
hookworms
tapeworms
scabies

Question 9

rabies stats

Answer 9

1 fatality causing zoonosis

more than 59000 deaths a year
death most common in children

Question 10

rabies characteristics

Answer 10

bullet shaped neurotropic virus
transmitted by bats in NA, dogs in other countries

Question 11

rabies symptoms

Answer 11

aggressiveness, hallucinations, fever, nausea, foaming at the mouth, fear of water

Question 12

leptospirosis

Answer 12

has been found in almost all species of mammals
found in soil and water
prevalent in developed and developing countries
human infections are most commonly caused by contaminated water sources

Question 13

leptospirosis symptoms

Answer 13

liver or kidney disease
fever, lack of energy, lack of appetite, red eyes, vomiting, jaundice, frequent urination, abdominal pain

Question 14

leptospirosis clinical presentation

Answer 14

biphasic
septicemic phase lasts about a week and is followed by immune phase which is characterized by antibody production and excretion of leptospirosis in the urine

Question 15

campylobateriosis

Answer 15

affects cattle, sheep, goats
transmitted to humans by raw milk, undercooked meat, cross contaminated food, etc and direct contact with animals or feces

Question 16

campylobateriosis disease in animals

Answer 16

asymptomatic in most species
gastroenteritis (pigs), diarrhea (cattle, sheep, goats), mucoid, blood flecked diarrhea in chickens
abortion in cattle sheep and goats

Question 17

chlamydiosis

Answer 17

caused by chlamydia abortus
affects sheep and goats
worlds leading cause of ovine enzootic abortion
spread by aerosols and reproductive fluids

Question 18

listeria

Answer 18

affects cattle, sheep, goats
associated with contaminated feed (silage) and direct contact with reproductive tissues

Question 19

listeria symptoms

Answer 19

abortion in cattle and sheep, dyspnea and meningitis with death in 12 hrs in calves, ataxia and circling in ruminants, silage eye or keratoconjuctivitis in ruminants

Question 20

Q fever

Answer 20

cattle, sheep, and goats are reservoirs

Question 21

Q fever modes of transmission

Answer 21

reproductive tissues, hides, wool
aerosols, raw milk/dairy
ticks and other vectors

Question 22

Q fever reproductive consequences

Answer 22

abortion in ruminants and horses
stillbirth, weak offspring, and purulent cotyledons in goats

Question 23

salmonella

Answer 23

affects cattle, pigs, horses
transmitted through raw milk, raw/undercooked meat, eggs, contaminated produce and water
direct: feces and animals

Question 24

salmonella clinical signs

Answer 24

severe enteritis with or without blood, young most affected
abortion and decreased milk in cattle
septicemia and pneumonia in all young animals

Question 25

staphylococcosis (staph a)

Answer 25

affects cattle
transmission from skin (teat), wounds, feces, contaminated food, equipment (fomites), aerosols

Question 26

staphylococcosis clinical signs

Answer 26

wound infections, accesses, bubble foot and comb necrosis in poultry
mastitis and metritis in cattle, sheep, and swine
septicemia in chickens

Question 27

streptococcosis

Answer 27

possible in cattle, sheep, and goats
transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, tissues, fluids, and skin wounds or ingestion of raw dairy

Question 28

streptococcosis clinical signs

Answer 28

reproductive: mastitis, metritis, abortion
respiratory: purulent lung lesions and pneumonia
musculoskeletal: polyarthritis
neurologic: meningitis, ataxia, death (piglets)
systemic: septicemia in pigs and foals

Question 29

contagious ecthyma (orf)

Answer 29

paradox virus affects sheep and goats
transmitted through skin lesions, scabs, animal vaccine

Question 30

contagious ecthyma signs

Answer 30

asymptomatic in adults
causes pustules, vesicles; scabs on mouth, muzzle, eyelids, teats, etc., in young sheep

Question 31

pseudocowpox

Answer 31

transmitted through direct contact with teat and udder lesions