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Vet Microbio > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what must most pathogens do?

A

overcome surface barriers and reach underlying tissues
overcome resistance by host

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2
Q

how do pathogens overcome resistance by hosts?

A

nonspecific resistance
specific immune response

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3
Q

what is the immune system?

A

composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs
recognizes foreign substance or microbes and acts to neutralize or destroy them

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4
Q

what is immunity?

A

ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection

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5
Q

what is immunology?

A

science concerned with immune response

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6
Q

what is the nonspecific immune response?

A

innate or natural immunity
acts as first line of defense
offers resistance o any microbe or foreign material
lacks immunological memory

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7
Q

what is the specific immune response?

A

acquired or adaptive immunity
resistance to particular foreign agents
has memory
effectiveness increases on repeated exposure to agent

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8
Q

what is the effectiveness of physical barriers impacted by in innate resistance?

A

direct factors and indirect factors

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9
Q

what are examples of direct factors?

A

nutrition, physiology, fever, age, and genetics

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10
Q

what are examples of indirect factors?

A

personal hygiene, socioeconomic status, and living conditions

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11
Q

what is the first defense against microbes?

A

barriers and host secretions

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12
Q

skin as a barrier

A

strong mechanical barrier to microbial invasion due to the keratin produced in the outer layer
inhospitable environment for microbes because:
attached organisms removed by shedding of outer skin cells
pH is slightly acidic
high NaCl concentration
subject to periodic drying

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13
Q

what do the mucous membranes do?

A

form protective covering that resists penetration and traps many microbes
are often bathed in antimicrobial secretions which contain a variety of antimicrobial substances

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14
Q

what are the three types of antimicrobial secretions?

A

lysozyme- hydrolyzes bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan
lactoferrin- secreted by certain immune cells and sequesters iron from plasma
lactoperoxidase- produces superoxide radicals

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15
Q

how does the respiratory system protect against microbes?

A

turbulent air flow deposits microbes onto mucosal surfaces
mucociliary blanket
alveolar macrophages

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16
Q

what does the mucociliary blanket do?

A

mucus secretions trap microbes
once trapped, microbes are transported away from the lungs and are expelled by coughing, sneezing, or salivation washing it into the stomach

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17
Q

how does the stomach protect against microbes?

A

stomach acid

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18
Q

how do the small intestines work against microbes?

A

pancreatic enzymes
bile
intestinal enzymes
peristalsis

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19
Q

how do the large intestines work against microbes?

A

shedding of columnar epithelial cells
secretory IgA
normal microbiota

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20
Q

why is the genitourinary tract and unfavorable environment for foreign microbes?

A

low pH of urine and vagina
vagina has lactobacilli
urea and other toxic metabolic end products in urine
has flushing via urine and mucus
there is a distance barrier in the male urethra

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21
Q

what protections does the eye offer against microbes?

A

flushing action of tears
mucus secreted by the epithelial membrane
lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory IgA in tears

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22
Q

what are the chemical mediators in the innate immune response?

A

variety of defensive chemicals such as defensives and other polypeptides found in the lymph, blood, and other body fluids
defensive proteins are found in the blood

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23
Q

complement characteristics

A

composed of over 30 serum proteins
augments the antibacterial activity of the antibody
has three major activities

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24
Q

what are the three major activities of complement?

A

stimulates an inflammatory response by helping to recruit white blood cells
lysing microbial cells
promoting phagocytosis through opsonization

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25
Q

what is opsonization?

A

process in which microbes are coated by serum components in preparation for the recognition/ingestion by phagocytic cells

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26
Q

what are some other functions of complement proteins?

A

function as chemotactic signals that recruit phagocytes to their activation site
puncture cell membranes causing cell lysis
many complement activities unite the innate immune system and adaptive arms of the immune system to destroy and remove invading pathogens

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27
Q

how does complement activation take place?

A

produced in inactive forms
activated following enzymatic cleavage
must be activated in cascade function
take place in one of three pathways

28
Q

what are the three pathways of complement activation?

A

alternative
lectin
classical

29
Q

what are the major differences between pathways?

A

the types of molecules that activate each pathway
the means by which key proteases are activated
the identity of the proteases

30
Q

what are the characteristics of the alternative pathway?

A

involved in nonspecific defenses against intravascular invasion by bacteria/fungi
dependent of the interaction of complement with repetitive structures on pathogens such as LPS and techie acids

30
Q

what are the characteristics of the alternative pathway?

A

involved in nonspecific defenses against intravascular invasion by bacteria/fungi
dependent of the interaction of complement with repetitive structures on pathogens such as LPS and techoic acids
begins with activation of C3
results in formation of the membrane attack complex

31
Q

characteristics of the lectin pathway

A

also called the mannose-binding lectin pathway
begins with activation of C3 and lectin binding
dependent on interaction of host mannose-binding protein with pathogen surfaces to enhance phagocytosis

32
Q

characteristics of the classical pathway

A

produces cleavage products that participate in opsonization, chemotaxis, and the membrane attack complex

33
Q

what are cytokines?

A

soluble proteins or glycoproteins that are released by one cell population that act as intracellular mediators or signaling molecules

34
Q

hat are the three simplified categories of cytokines?

A

regulators of innate immunity
regulators of adaptive immunity
stimulators of hematopoiesis

35
Q

what are the four functional groups of cytokines?

A

chemokines
interleukins
interferons
colony stimulating factors
additional: tumor necrosis factor

36
Q
A
37
Q

what do chemokines do?

A

stimulate cell migration

38
Q

what do interleukins do?

A

released from one leukocyte and act on another leukocyte

39
Q

what are interferons?

A

regulatory cytokines produced in response to infection

40
Q

what are colony stimulating factors?

A

stimulate growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes in bone marrow

41
Q

what does the tumor necrosis factor family do?

A

stimulate an immune response

42
Q

what are the 6 types of immune cells?

A

granulocytes
mast cells
monocytes and macrophages
dendritic cells
lymphocytes
leukocytes

43
Q

leukocyte characteristics

A

white blood cels
involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity
all arise from pluripotent stem cells

44
Q

mast cell characteristics

A

bone-marrow derived cells
differentiate in blood and connective tissue
contain granules contain vasoactive mediators such as histamines
play important role in the development of allergies and hypersensitivities

45
Q

granulocyte characteristics

A

irregularly shaped nuclei with two to five lobes
cytoplasm has granules with reactive substances that kill microbes and enhance inflammation

46
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

47
Q

neutrophil characterisitcs

A

highly phagocytic
circulate in blood then migrate to sites of tissue damage
kill ingested microbes with lytic enzymes and reactive oxygen metabolites contained in primary and secondary granules

48
Q

monocyte characteristics

A

produced in bone marrow and release into blood circulation
after circulating for 8 hours, mature into macrophages

49
Q

macrophage characteristics

A

larger than monocytes, reside in specific tissues, highly phagocytic
release chemokines to recruit neutrophils

50
Q

dendritic cell characterisitcs

A

many long cellular projections
present in blood, skin, and mucous membranes of the nose, lungs, and intestines
contact, phagocytose, and process antigens before displaying the antigen on their surfaces
capable of eliciting immune response for T-cells, activating the adaptive immune system

51
Q

lymphocyte characteristics

A

major cells of the adaptive immune system
T cells, B cells, NK cells
have innate immune function trough innate lymphoid cells

52
Q

innate lymphoid cell characteristics

A

NK cells
do not have memory
stimulated same methods as neutrophils, macrophages, and DC

53
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

process by which phagocytic cells recognize, ingest, and kill extracellular microbes
can be greatly increased by opsonization
two mechanisms of recognition

54
Q

what are the two mechanisms of recognition for phagocytosis?

A

opsonin-dependent and opsonin-independent

55
Q

how does the opsonin dependent mechanism work?

A

recognizes serum components attached to pathogens

56
Q

how does the opsonin independent mechanism work?

A

common pathogen components are non-specifically recognized to activate phagocytes- signaling mechanism involved
involves nonspecific/specific receptors on phagocytes

57
Q

how does intracellular digestion work?

A

once bound, microbes can be internalized and delivered to a lysosome to become a phagolysosome
respiratory burst reactions occur once the phagolysosome forms
toxic oxygen products are produced which can kill invading microbes

58
Q

what is inflammation?

A

nonspecific response to tissue injury
can be caused by pathogen or physical trauma
acute inflammation is the immediate response of body to injury or cell death

59
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness
warmth
pain
swelling
altered function

60
Q

what is the acute inflammatory response?

A

the release of inflammatory mediators from injured tissue cells initiates a cascade of event which result in the signs of inflammation
involves chemical mediators such as selecting, interns, and chemotaxins

61
Q

what are selectins?

A

cell adhesion molecules on activated capillary endothelial cells

62
Q

what are integrins?

A

adhesion receptors on neutrophils

63
Q

what are chemotaxins?

A

chemotactic factors released by injured cells

64
Q

what occurs during an acute inflammatory response?

A

capillaries widen to increase blood flow
increased permeability of vessels causes fluid release into the tissues
attraction of leukocytes to the site of injury
a systemic response through fever and proliferation of leukocytes

Vet Microbio (12 decks)

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