Zoonotic/Emergent disease

Question 1

Who are the ones that are at higher risk of getting a zoonotic disease?

Answer 1

Children, elderly, HIV positive individuals, immunosuppressed, cancer patient, chronic disease (liver, kidney, heart, diabetes, splenectomy or hemodialysis)

Question 2

(T/F) The definition of zoonotic disease is a disease that normally does not exist in animals but it can infect people.

Answer 2

False - it normally exists in animals

Question 3

What is an emerging infectious disease?

Answer 3

Appear in a population for the first time
OR
Disease which is known to exist but is rapidly increasing in prevalence or geographic range

Question 4

What are the three factors associated with emerging disease?

Answer 4

Ecosystem alterations of athropogenic or natural in origin
Movements of pathogens or vectors via human or natural routes
Changes in microbes or in the ability to recognize emergent pathogens due to advances techniques

Question 5

What are some diseases that have come because of ecosystem alterations?

Answer 5

Duck plague, anthrax, lyme - anthropogenic
sin nombre hantavirus, rift valley fever - natural changes

Question 6

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens between wild hosts?

Answer 6

Rabies

Question 7

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens between wild/domestic hosts?

Answer 7

Brucella

Question 8

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens translocation hosts?

Answer 8

Rabies

Question 9

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens in globalization?

Answer 9

West nile and monkey pox

Question 10

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens of movement of vectors?

Answer 10

Lyme disease

Question 11

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens in game farming?

Answer 11

Chronic wasting disease

Question 12

What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens deliberative introductions?

Answer 12

Rabbit calicivirus/myxomatosis

Question 13

The emergency disease study wanted to determine the ____ and _____ of emergent pathogens in ______.

Answer 13

Nature
Magnitude
North America

Question 14

What are the 5 human influences that have brought outbreaks of emerging diseases?

Answer 14

Environment degradation by pollution
Translocation of infected individuals
Feeding stations of songbirds and cervids
Game farming/aquaculture
Feral animals

Question 15

What is the virus family that causes Hantavirus?

Answer 15

Bunyaviridae

Question 16

What is the strains name that causes hantavirus that became an epidemic?

Answer 16

Sin nombre strain

Question 17

Where is hatavirus mostly located in US?

Answer 17

Western USA

Question 18

What are the hosts of hatavirus?

Answer 18

Rodents are the primary reservoir and it gets passed to deer and cotton

Question 19

The trasmission of hantavirus is through (inhalation/ingestion) of urine/feces/saliva of a rodent.

Answer 19

Inhalation

Question 20

What would be the control of choice for hantavirus?

Answer 20

Rodent control
Safety percautions for people

Question 21

What is the organism that causes lyme disease?

Answer 21

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 22

Where and when does lyme occur more commonly?

Answer 22

Atlantic coast and during the summer

Question 23

Who are the hosts for lyme disease?

Answer 23

White foot mouse (persistently infected)
White tailed deer (primary host for tick vector not the spirochete)

Question 24

What stage of the tick has to bite to get lyme?

Answer 24

Infected larval nymph

Question 25

Lepto and lyme are considered ____ bacteria.

Answer 25

Spirochete

Question 26

Where does the bacteria have to shed from to get lepto?

Answer 26

Urine

Question 27

How does lepto get transmitted once its out of the body?

Answer 27

Organism enters though the skin, mucous membranes, and bite wounds

Question 28

How do we prevent lepto from spreading?

Answer 28

Pest control - rodents, raccoons, skunks

Question 29

Rickettsia rickettsii causes what disease?

Answer 29

Rocket mountain spotted fever

Question 30

Which tick transmits RMSF?

Answer 30

America dog tick (dermacentor variabilis)

Question 31

What does the spirochete organism in RMSF have to contaminate to transmit?

Answer 31

Food/water

Question 32

Where and when does RMSF happen?

Answer 32

Southeastern/southcentral USA and April-September (summer)

Question 33

(T/F) Tularemia and the plague are considered bioterrorism.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What organism is Tularemia?

Answer 34

Francisella tularensis

Question 35

What are the two cycles of tularemia hosts and what species they include?

Answer 35

Terrestrial cycle - rabbits/rodents Aquatic cycle - muskrats/beavers

Question 36

What is one of the main signs on necropsy a rabbit has tularemia?

Answer 36

Pinpoint white lesions in liver and spleen Necrotic lymph nodes Pneumonia

Question 37

Yersenia pestis is the main organism in the disease

Answer 37

Plague

Question 38

In what cycle is the plague maintained in nature through?

Answer 38

Flea-rodent cycle

Question 39

Who are the reservoir rodent hosts of plague?

Answer 39

Voles, grasshopper mouth and rock squirrels

Question 40

Who are the hosts of the plague?

Answer 40

Epizoonotic rodent hosts (periodic outbreaks) Prarie dogs Ground squirrels

Question 41

Who are susceptible to the plague that are non rodent hosts?

Answer 41

Felids and black footed ferret

Question 42

What is the main way of transmission for plague?

Answer 42

Flea bite (bacteria multiplies in flea GI tract, blockage of GI tract makes the tick regurg and infects blood into host)

Question 43

The suggestive diagnosis of plague is a rapid decline of colonial rodents, how do you definitively test for it?

Answer 43

Culture ID and IHC Preferred tissue - lymph nodes, blood, spleen/liver/lung

Question 44

(T/F) We still consider a widespread eradication of rodents effective for the plague.

Answer 44

False - we do not do this and we MUST KILL THE TICKS

Question 45

What type of category is the plague?

Answer 45

Bioterrorism category A

Question 46

Brucella abortus causes what?

Answer 46

Bovine brucellosis

Question 47

Where does bovine brucellosis happens and what is the clinical sign for both male and female?

Answer 47

Yellowstone national park Causes abortion/orchitis in bovids

Question 48

Ascarid roundworms cause what disease in raccons?

Answer 48

Baylisascaris

Question 49

Where are the Baylisascaris worms located in the host?

Answer 49

GI tract

Question 50

(T/F) Baylisascaris is zoonotic and is important because it does not cause clinical signs nor lesions in natural hosts.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

How do raccoons get infected with Baylisacaris?

Answer 51

Consuming animals with encysted larvae

Question 52

What do we need to do to get rid of Baylisacaris?

Answer 52

Require flaming to kill

Question 53

Match the visceral larva migrans to the carnivore species it pertains to? a. Toxocara canis b. Toxocara cati c. Toxoscaris leonina d. Ascarid devosi 1. Bobcat 2. Mink 3. Cats 4. Foxes

Answer 53

A - 4 B - 1 C - 3 D - 2

Question 54

How do we prevent visceral larva migrans from spreading?

Answer 54

Appropriate hygiene

Question 55

What is the organism that causes hydatid cyst disease?

Answer 55

Echinoccocus multilocularis

Question 56

Who is the definitive host and intermediate host of hydatid cyst disease?

Answer 56

Red fox - definitive Rodent - intermediate

Question 57

How do humans get hydatid cyst disease and what does it cause?

Answer 57

Accidentally ingest eggs shed in feces Alveolar hydatid disease

Question 58

What organ is destroyed by echinoccocus multilocularis?

Answer 58

Liver

Question 59

What is the host of toxoplasmosis?

Answer 59

All felids

Question 60

What are the two ways human can get toxo?

Answer 60

Fecal oral route Tissue cysts in undercooked meat

Question 61

What virus is monkey pox?

Answer 61

Orthopoxivirus

Question 62

How is monkey pox transmitted?

Answer 62

Direct contact (it is natural in tropical rainforest in Africa)

Question 63

Who is the host of monkey pox?

Answer 63

African squirrel

Question 64

(Young/old) individuals are more severely affected by monkey pox?

Answer 64

Younger

Question 65

How do humans get monkey pox for the most part?

Answer 65

Contact with Gambian giant rat/prarie dog

Question 66

What is the presentation of bats who have white nose syndrome?

Answer 66

White substance on their heads, ears, wings

Question 67

Why is white nose syndrome so destructive to bat populations?

Answer 67

Highly contagious and the fungus thrives in dark, low temp and high humidity environment

Question 68

Where is chytridiomycosis ubiquitous in nature?

Answer 68

Aquatic habitats and moist soil

Question 69

Why is chytriciomycosis important?

Answer 69

Only fungus that infects vertebrates Emerging panzoonotic of amphibian population High mortality

Question 70

What stages of the amphibian are affected by chytriciomycosis?

Answer 70

Adult and larvae

Question 71

Chytridiomycosis is a non hyphal fungal pathogen that invades tissue and degrades (cellulose/chitin/ keratin).

Answer 71

All three

Question 72

Who is most susceptible to iridovirus of amphibians?

Answer 72

Tadpoles

Question 73

What disease do green sea turtles get that we discussed in class?

Answer 73

Fibropapillomatosis

Question 74

Who does not get fibropapillomatosis?

Answer 74

Hatchlings

Question 75

What virus causes fibropapillomatosis?

Answer 75

Herpes virus - can recur in times of stress

Question 76

Why do turtles die do to fibropapillomatosis if it is benign?

Answer 76

Lose the ability to capture prey

Question 77

What is the virus that causes rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

Answer 77

Calicivirus

Question 78

What is the incubation period of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

Answer 78

2-4 days