01- Normal Aspects of Articulation: Chapter 2 (BBF 7-29)

Question 1

Speech

Answer 1

organized set or system of sounds that are used to convey meaning

Question 2

language

Answer 2

arbitrary system of signs or symbols used according to prescribed rules to convey meaning within a linguistic community

Question 3

phonemes

Answer 3

when sounds are studied as part of the language system

Question 4

linguistic perspective: phonemes

Answer 4

sound units related to decisions about meaning

Question 5

phonemic transcription to phonetic

Answer 5

less detailed than phonetic transcription

Question 6

phonetic transcription

Answer 6

sensitive to sound variations within a phoneme class

Question 7

allophone

Answer 7

individual variant of a phoneme class

Question 8

allophones in free variation

Answer 8

when they can occur in the same phonetic context

Question 9

phoneme + phoneme

Answer 9

morphemes/ words

Question 10

syntax of language

Answer 10

morphemes combined to into phrases and sentences according to grammatical rules

Question 11

semantics of language

Answer 11

meaning ascribed to individual words

Question 12

flow of how information is processed

Answer 12

cognitive, syntactic and semantic, phonologic, phonetic, (motor control, auditory) working memory

Question 13

processing: cognitive level

Answer 13

where thought is initiated

Question 14

processing: syntactic and semantic

Answer 14

syntax: ordering of words in sent.
semantic: selection of words

Question 15

what limits or directs syntactic decision?

Answer 15

deciding on a particular syntactic structure for a sentence

Question 16

lexicalization: semantic level

Answer 16

1. selection of lexical concept
2. phonologic specification

Question 17

phonologic specification

Answer 17

specification of the word’s sound pattern

Question 18

processing: phonetic level

Answer 18

specify phonetic goals

Question 19

spatiotemporal goals

Answer 19

articulators moving to a certain space and it a certain time to meet the goal phoneme

Question 20

processing: working memory

Answer 20

operational memory used to keep track of information involved in sentence production

Question 21

controlled processing

Answer 21

makes demands on working memory

Question 22

automatic processing

Answer 22

does not require allocation of working memory

Question 23

which language processes are automatic?

Answer 23

syntactic, semantic, and phonologic

Question 24

processing: channel a

Answer 24

information from touch and movement; connects motor control to working memory

Question 25

processing: channel b

Answer 25

represents auditory feedback; connects auditory level with working memory

Question 26

respiratory system (structure and function)

Answer 26

lungs, airway, rib cage, diaphragm; provides basic air supply for generating sound

Question 27

larynx (structure and function)

Answer 27

various cartilages and muscles; generates voiced sounds of speech by vibration of the vocal folds/ allows air to pass from lungs to vocal tract for voiceless sounds

Question 28

velopharynx (structure and function)

Answer 28

soft palate/ velum and associated structures of the velopharyngeal port; joins or separates the oral and nasal cavities so that air passes through either one or both cavities

Question 29

tongue (structure and function)

Answer 29

a complex of muscles; principal articulator of oral cavity

Question 30

five parts of the tongue

Answer 30

tip/apex, blade, back/dorsum, root, body

Question 31

jaw (structure and function)

Answer 31

massive bony structure and its associated muscles; support the soft tissues of both tongue and lower lip, participates in speech production by aiding tongue and lip movements and by providing skeletal support

Question 32

airflow of voiceless consonants

Answer 32

the continuous flow of air that is used to create noise energy in the vocal tract generated by the respiratory system and larynx

Question 33

airflow of voiced consonants

Answer 33

respiratory system and larynx work together to create a series of pulses made by the vocal folds vibrating

Question 34

what is involved in a full understanding of speech production?

Answer 34

phonology, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, speech perception

Question 35

phonology

Answer 35

the study of how sounds are put together to form words and other linguistic units

Question 36

articulatory phonetics

Answer 36

study of how the articulators make individual sounds

Question 37

acoustic phonetics

Answer 37

study of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech

Question 38

speech perception

Answer 38

study of how phonetic decisions are made from the acoustic signal

Question 39

syllable nuclei

Answer 39

vowel

Question 40

vocal folds vibrate to produce which sounds? are there exceptions to this?

Answer 40

voicing for vowels; whispered speech

Question 41

vowel classification criteria

Answer 41

tongue advancement, tongue height, roundedness, tense vs. lax

Question 42

rounded vowel phonemes

Answer 42

/u/ /ʊ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɝ/

Question 43

produced with an open vocal tract and serve as the nuclei for syllable

Answer 43

diphthongs

Question 44

consonants that have complete oral closure but have and open velopharyngeal port so that sound energy passes through the nose rather than the mouth

Answer 44

nasals

Question 45

how are consonants classified?

Answer 45

manner of articulation, place of articulation, voicing

Question 46

consonants made with narrow constriction so that the air creates a noisy sound as it rushes through the narrow passage

Answer 46

fricatives

Question 47

consonants that are combinations of stops and fricatives

Answer 47

affricates

Question 48

consonants that gradually change in articulatory shape while produced

Answer 48

glides

Question 49

what are cognates

Answer 49

pairs of phonemes that differ only in voicing

Question 50

what is dentalization?

Answer 50

context-dependent modification made of alveolar consonant production

Question 51

what is the difference between light and dark /l/ phonemes?

Answer 51

also called prevocalic and postvocalic or front and back linguodental contact vs linguaalveolar contact