02_Physical Development and Health

Question 1

Size of the brain at birth

Answer 1

25% of adult weight of brain

80% = by two years old (mostly due to synaptogenesis)

Question 2

Development of the cerebral cortex

Answer 2

Birth = almost completely undeveloped

First two months = primary motor and sensory areas

PFC = continues to mature through childhood and adolescence, not fully developed until early/mid-20s

Question 3

Neuronal atrophy:

When? Where? Compensatory mechanism?

Answer 3

By age 30, brain starts to gradually shrink

Mostly occurs in PFC

Compensation through neurogenesis in hippocampus and other areas

Question 4

Sense that is the Least developed at birth

Answer 4

Vision

Newborn sees approx. only 20 feet at birth

Question 5

Age at which infant’s visual acuity is close to normal adult

Answer 5

6 months

Question 6

Age at which newborns prefer to look at faces
&
Age they prefer face of mother over unfamiliar women

Answer 6

2-5 days after birth: Prefer to look at faces

By 2 months: prefer face of mother over unfamiliar women

Question 7

Age by which newborns distinguish between different voices and show preference for sound of mother’s voice

Answer 7

3 months

Question 8

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Raise chin from ground
Turn head side to side
Play with hands and fingers
Bring objects in hand to mouth

Answer 8

1-3 months

Question 9

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Roll from abdomen to back
Sit on lap, reaches and grasps
Sits alone and stands with help

Answer 9

4-6 months

Question 10

Name the age range for Developmental Milestones of:

Increased coordination
Sit alone without support
Begin crawling and creeping
Pull self to standing by holding furniture

Answer 10

7-9 months

Question 11

Developmental Milestones, Age Range for:

Stands alone and walks with help

Answer 11

10-12 months

~12months: first steps alone

Question 12

Developmental Milestones, Age Range for:

Walks alone with wide-based gait
Creeps up stairs
Scribbles spontaneously
Uses cup well

Answer 12

13-15 months

Question 13

Name the age range for Developmental Milestones of:

Run clumsily
Walk upstairs with hand held
Use a spoon

Answer 13

16-24 months

by 24 months: goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of a book

50% of children use toilet during the day

Question 14

Name the age range for the following Developmental Milestones:

Jumps with both feet
Has good hand-finger coordination

Answer 14

2-4 years

By 36 months:
rides tricycle, dresses and undresses, completely toilet trained

Question 15

Age at which there is a stable preference for the right or left hand

Answer 15

Develops by age 4

Question 16

Effects of early training on motor development

Answer 16

Acceleration of age at which certain skills are exhibited

However effects to not generalize to other skills

Over time, no difference between other children

Question 17

Effects of early training in complex skills

E.g., playing tennis, musical instrument

Answer 17

Improves proficiency in these skills later in life

Question 18

Gender Differences in Motor Development:

Middle childhood

Answer 18

Girls more physically mature, better at skills requiring flexibility, agility, balance

Boys superior in skills that require strength and gross motor abilities

Question 19

Gender Differences in Motor Development:

Early adolescence

Answer 19

Disparity increases substantially

Boys excel on most measures of motor ability

Possibly due to differences in adipose tissue

Question 20

Consequences of early/late physical maturation:

Boys

Answer 20

Early: increased risk for drug and alcohol use, delinquency, depression

Both early and late maturing boys are more susceptible to depression

Question 21

Consequences of Early physical maturation:

Girls

Answer 21

Poor self-concept

Less popular

Dissatisfaction with physical development

Low academic achievement

More likely to engage in sexually precocious behavior

Increased risk for drug and alcohol use, depression, eating disorders

Question 22

Consequences of Late physical maturation:

Girls

Answer 22

Dissatisfaction with physical appearance

Tend to academically outperform peers

Question 23

Course of negative consequences of early/late maturation by adulthood

Answer 23

Most adverse effects have largely dissipated

Adults are fairly indistinguishable

Question 24

Physical Changes in Adulthood:

Vision

Answer 24

After age 40: inability to focus on close objects (*think reading glasses)

After age 65: Loss of visual acuity, reduced depth perception and color

Question 25

Physical Changes in Adulthood:

Audition

Answer 25

Most significant hearing loss occurs after age 75

Decreased ability to perceive high-frequency sounds

Results in difficulty to understand human speech with competing noise

*Tends to occur earlier in men

Question 26

Physical Changes in Adulthood:

Strength, Coordination, Reaction Time

Answer 26

Declined strength and endurance

Slower reaction time

Behavioral slowing that affects motor and mental abilities

Question 27

Chronic illness in children

Answer 27

Increased risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms

*Most do not actually meet criteria for a formal DSM diagnosis

Question 28

Chronic Illness in Children:

Best predictor of positive outcomes

Answer 28

Illness severity

Question 29

Factor associated with positive psychological outcomes for children with life-threatening illnesses

Answer 29

When children are given accurate and developmentally appropriate information about their illness
in its early stages

Question 30

Largest protective factor for children with life-threatening illnesses

Answer 30

When children are given accurate and developmentally appropriate information about their illness
in its early stages

Question 31

Adolescent alcohol, drug, and tobacco use:

Rates of use in recent years

Answer 31

Declined use of all substances

Question 32

Adolescent alcohol, drug, and tobacco use:

Main risk factors

Answer 32

Male gender

Low SES

Physical or sexual abuse

Low parental warmth and involvement

Question 33

Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood:

Frequency

Answer 33

57-85yo similar frequency to 18-59

Question 34

Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood:

Frequency

Answer 34

57-85yo similar frequency to 18-59

Question 35

Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood:

Primary reason for lack of sexual activity

Answer 35

Physical health problems

Lack of sexual partner

Question 36

Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood:

Primary reason for lack of sexual activity

Answer 36

1: Physical health problems

Followed by lack of sexual partner (affects women more)

Question 37

Sexual Activity in Late Adulthood:

Satisfaction with sexual activity

Answer 37

Approximately half report that current sex life is either physically and emotionally more satisfying or unchanged to when they were in their 40s

Question 38

Puberty is a sexual maturation, marked by the onset of what ability?

Answer 38

the ability to reproduce

Question 39

Emerging during puberty, __________ , such as the growth of reproductive organs, develop.

Answer 39

primary sex characteristics

Question 40

In women, widening of the hips and breast development, would be two features of ________.

Answer 40

secondary sex characteristics