05_Temperament, Personality, and Identity

Question 1

Temperament:

Overview

Answer 1

Basic disposition

Genetic component

Apparent at birth and predictive of later personality
(when measures at 3yo)

Question 2

Temperament:

Behavioral inhibition

Answer 2

Strong biological component

Inhibited children experience higher heart rate and changes in blood pressure when faced with unfamiliar situations

Question 3

Thomas and Chess:

Three categories of temperament

Answer 3

Easy

Slow to warm up

Difficult

Question 4

Thomas and Chess:

Goodness-of-fit model

Answer 4

Degree of match between parents’ behaviors and child’s temperament contributes to outcomes

Question 5

Thomas and Chess:

Parent guidance intervention

Answer 5

Help parents interact with child in ways that are consistent with child’s temperament

Question 6

Levinson’s Season’s of a Man’s Life

Answer 6

Stress associated with major transitions

Early Adult Transition [formation of The Dream]

Age 30 Transition [settling down]

Mid-life Transition [40-45; time-left-to-live]

“Midlife Crisis”= 80% of Men

Question 7

Children of Authoritarian Parents

Answer 7

Irritable

Aggressive

Mistrusting

Dependent

Limited Sense of Responsibility

Low Self-esteem

Low academic achievement

Question 8

Children of Authoritative Parents

Answer 8

Assertive

Socially responsible

Achievement oriented

High self-esteem

Self-confident

Academic achievement

Question 9

Children of Permissive Parents

Answer 9

Immature

Impulsive

Self-centered

Easily frustrated

Low achievement

Low independence

Question 10

Children of Uninvolved Parents

“rejecting-neglecting parents”

Answer 10

Low self-esteem

Poor self-control

Impulsive

Moody

Aggressive

Question 11

Parenting characteristics most predictive of juvenile delinquency

Answer 11

Lack of parental warmth

Lack of supervision

Inconsistent or harsh punishment

*Most associated with rejecting/neglecting uninvolved parents

Question 12

Birth Order:

First-borns

Answer 12

More rapid language acquisition

Higher IQ and grades

Achievement oriented

Conscientious

Question 13

Birth Order:

Later-Borns

Answer 13

More rebellious

Have better peer relationships

More confident social situations

Question 14

Family Composition:

Lower academic achievement: 2 factors

Answer 14

Larger family size

Smaller gaps between children (closer in age)

Question 15

Maternal depression

Answer 15

Increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems

Physiological distress: elevated heart rate by 3 months old

Passive noncompliance

Increased aggressiveness

Insecure attachment

Question 16

Paternal Depression

Answer 16

Father-child conflict

Internalizing and externalizing symptoms

Symptoms can occur in the absence of maternal depression

Question 17

Self-awareness:

Three stages

Answer 17

Physical self recognition (by 18 months)

Self-description (between 19 to 30 months)

Emotional responses to wrongdoing
[development of conscience]

Question 18

Self-descriptions at different ages

Answer 18

2-6: concrete physical characteristics, behaviors

6-10: competencies

10-12: personality traits

Adolescents: inner thoughts and feelings

Question 19

Age by which most children label themselves and others as either boy or girl

Answer 19

3 yo

Question 20

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Theory of Gender Identity

Answer 20

Gender identity (2-3)

Gender stability

Gender constancy (by 6-7)

Question 21

Bem’s Gender Schema Theory

Answer 21

Combination of social learning and cognitive development

Children develop schemas of masculinity and femininity

Question 22

Gender and Self-Esteem

Answer 22

Androgyny, for both males and females, and masculinity for males is associated with higher levels of self-esteem that femininity

Question 23

Age at which children perceive and understand racial differences

Answer 23

6 months: awareness of racial differences

3-4yo: Label people in terms of racial group

10yo: Understanding social connotations of racial differences

Question 24

Adolescent Identity Crisis:

Theorist who coined the term

Answer 24

Erik Erikson

**Erikson did NOT coin “midlife crisis”

Question 25

Marcia:

Four Adolescent Identity Statuses

Answer 25

Identity diffusion

Identity foreclosure

Identity moratorium

Identity achievement

Question 26

Adolescent Identity diffusion

Answer 26

Have not yet experienced crisis

Have not explored alternatives

Not committed to an identity

Question 27

Adolescent Identity foreclosure

Answer 27

Adoption of identity without experiencing a crisis

Identity is imposed by same-sex parent or other person

Question 28

Adolescent Identity moratorium

Answer 28

Identity crisis

Active exploration of alternative identities

Confusion, discontent, rebelliousness

Question 29

Gilligan’s Relational Crisis

Answer 29

Pressure for adolescent girls to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman”

“Loss of voice”

Gilligan: Adults should help girls maintain “healthy resistance to disconnection”

Question 30

Children’s Understanding of Death:

Three phases

Answer 30

Non-functionality

Irreversibility

Universality

Question 31

Children’s Understanding of Death:

2-5 years old

Answer 31

View death as reversible and temporary

Perceive death of separation or abandonment

Question 32

Children’s Understanding of Death:

5-9 years old

Answer 32

Gradually develop awareness of irreversibility

Tend to personify it (ghosts, skeleton)

Believe they can cheat/escape death

Question 33

Children’s Understanding of Death:

By age 10

Answer 33

Most children recognize death involves cessation of functioning, and is irreversible and universal

Question 34

What did Martin and Haverson propose regarding gender schematic processing theory?

Answer 34

They proposed that once children label themselves with a gender, they begin to pay more attention to that gender’s behaviors and stop paying as much attention to the behaviors of the opposite gender.

Question 35

True or false:

Bandura believed that sexual roles are acquired through social or vicarious learning so that each successive generation provides the model for the following generation.

Answer 35

True