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Phar 111 Lec 1st Exam > 03 - Cytology > Flashcards

03 - Cytology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Parts of the prokaryotic cell

A 
Flagella
Pili
Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
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2
Q

separates the interior of the cells from the outside environment ; regulates flow of materials into and out of a cell

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Components of the Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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4
Q

Comprises 75% of the plasma membrane that forms the LIPID BILAYER with one polar head and 2 non-polar tails

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Phospholipids
Polar head faces the: ___1___
Nonpolar tail: ___2___

A
  1. Extracellular fluid and cytosol

2. Forms the center which is a non-polar region

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6
Q

Accounts for the 5% of the lipids

A

Glycolipids

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7
Q

Glycolipids
Polar head: ___1___
Nonpolar tail: ___2___

A
  1. Carbohydrate

2. Fatty acid

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8
Q

20% of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

Integral

Peripheral

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10
Q

an internal framework that determines cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Components of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments (composed of ACTIN)
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules (composed of TUBULIN)
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12
Q

Composed of paired centrioles and the pericentriolar material

A

Centrosome

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13
Q

a cylindrical structure, composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

A

Centriole

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14
Q

Contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of tubulin

A

Pericentriolar material

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15
Q

The organizing centers for formation of mitotic spindle during cell division (metaphase)

A

Tubulin

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16
Q

4 locations of ribosomes

A
  1. RER
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Mitochondria
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17
Q

Actual site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

Network of folded membranes of flattened sacs that extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

Mini-circulatory system of the cell

A

ER

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20
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

Site of fatty acids & steroid (lipid) synthesis

Detoxification of drugs and harmful substances

A

Smooth ER

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22
Q

Release calcium for muscle contraction

A

Smooth (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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23
Q

Stacks of flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges

A

Golgi complex

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24
Q

What do you call the
1. Stacks of flattened membranous sacs
2. Bulging edges
In the golgi complex

A
  1. Cisternae

2. Vescicles

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25
Components of the golgi complex
Cis face Medial cisternae Trans face
26
receives and modifies proteins produced by the rough ER
Cis face
27
Add CARBOHYDRATES to proteins to form GLYCOLIPIDS and LIPIDS to proteins to from LIPOPROTEINS
Medial cisternae
28
modifies the molecules further and then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations
Trans/Exit face
29
digest excess or worn-out organelles , food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria
Lysosomes
30
The membrane around a lysosome allows the digestive enzymes to work at pH
5
31
detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances
Oxidase enzyme (peroxisome)
32
protect the cells from the toxic effects of H2O2
Catalase enzymes
33
Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins | - protein bodies
Proteasomes
34
enzymes that cut proteins into small peptides
Proteases
35
Generates most of the ATP
Mitochondria
36
Mitochondria has an enormous surface of __________ that provides SITE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Cristae
37
Mitochondria is abundant in ACTIVE CELLS such as: 1 2 3
Liver Kidney Muscle cells
38
Circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening Control the movement of substances bet the NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM
Nuclear pore
39
Passive transport processes
``` Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Dialysis Brownian movement ```
40
Active transport processes
Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis
41
Molecules (and ions) tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space from an area of higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved
Diffusion
42
T/F: | The lesser the difference in the steepness of concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate
F | Greater diff in steepness, faster rate
43
T/F: | The more the surface area, the faster the diffusion rate
T
44
T/F: | The lesser the diffusion distance, the slower the diffusion rate
F | Greater diffusion distance, slower rate
45
diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration (or from lower solute to higher solute concentration)
Osmosis
46
T/F: | Osmosis is possible when the membrane is permeable to BOTH WATER AND CERTAIN SOLUTES
F | Should be permeable ONLY WITH WATER BUT NOT TO certain solutes
47
Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to _____________
Hydrostatic pressure
48
Separation of large solutes from smaller ones by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
Dialysis
49
filters the blood by removing wastes and excess electrolytes and fluid and then returning the cleansed blood to the patient
Hemodialysis
50
Active transport processes uses ATP to energize _______________ which pump a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient
Transporter proteins
51
Substances transported ACTIVELY
Amino acids Sugars Ions
52
Ratio required for SODIUM-POTASSIUM exchange to maintain equilibrium
3:2
53
Materials move into a cell contained in a vesicle formed from a plasma membrane
Endocytosis
54
Types of endocytosis
Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
55
Materials move out of the cell by the fusion of vesicles formed inside the cell with plasma membrane
Exocytosis
56
Metabolic phase | Longest and most dynamic part of a cell's life
Interphase
57
In interphase, the cell is 1 2 3
Growing Metabolizing Maintaining itself
58
* Formation of a cleavage furrow around center of the cell * Division of a parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells * Each new daughter cell enters the interphase stage
Cytokinesis
59
Reproductive cell division that produces gametes
Meiosis
60
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation
Cancer
61
Cancer that develops from epithelial cells
Carcinoma
62
Cancer that grows from connective tissue
Sarcoma
63
Cancer of the immune system and WBC
Lymphoma
64
Inherited disease that is the ABSENCE OF HEAX-A (a single lysosomal enzyme)
Tay-sachs
65
Tay-sachs normally breaks down a membrane glycolipid called
Ganglioside GM2
66
Effects of tay-sachs
``` Seizures Muscular rigidity Blindness Demented Uncoordinated ```
67
Tay-sachs patients usually die before the age of
5
68
Marker of tay-sachs: _____1______ | Discovered by: _____2______
1. Cherry red spot on the retina | 2. Warren tay (opthalmologist)
69
Discoverers of tay-sachs
Warren tay - opthalmologist | Bernard sachs - neurologist
70
* Destroys brain cells | * Affects areas of the brain that control memory, language and thinking skills.
Alzheimer's disease
71
Genetic mutations that cause alzheimer's disease
Presenilin 1 and 2 | Amyloid precursor protein
72
3 distinct structural brain abnormalities of Alzheimer's disease
1. Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine 2. Beta-amyloid plaques 3. Neurofibrillary tangles
73
Major center of neurons that liberate acetylcholine wherein its destruction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease
Nucleus basalis
74
Clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
Beta-amyloid plaques
75
Abnormal bundles of filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions.
Neurofibrillary tangles
76
Nerve cells in the brain gradually die or break down | •Most of the symptoms are due to loss of neurons •Decrease in dopamine levels
Parkinsons
77
•Normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging - die usually at the age of 13
Progeria
78
Progeria is caused by a genetic defect in which _________ are shorter than normal
Telomeres
79
•nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes.
Telomeres
80
* Rare, inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging usually begins in adolescence stage * acceleration of aging, usually while the person is only in his or her twenties.
Werner syndrome

Phar 111 Lec 1st Exam (4 decks)

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