04 - HISTOLOGY Flashcards by Vivian Bañares

serves as an attachment between the epithelium and connective tissue

Basement membrane

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three primary germ layers

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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Epithelial tissue

Avascular or vascular?

Avascular

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Parts of Epithelial Tissue

Apical surface
Basal surface
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina

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Produced by EPITHELIUM

Basal lamina

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Produced by the CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Reticular lamina

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•usually forms membranes where FILTRATION or exchanges of substances by rapid diffusion occur

Simple squamous

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•forms the serous membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity

Simple squamous

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Endothelium and mesothelium

Simple squamous

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Part of the body (blood vessel) which is in contact with the blood

Endothelium

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Network of capillaries which is the site of filtration/exchange of substances

Glomerulus

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•common in glands and their ducts (e.g. salivary glands and pancreas)

Simple cuboidal

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•forms the walls of the kidney tubules, and covers the surface of the ovaries

Simple cuboidal

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•Highly adapted for SECRETION and ABSORPTION

Simple cuboidal

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•Lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus

Simple columnar non-ciliated

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produce a lubricating mucus that protects the linings of the GI tract from the gastric acid

Goblet cells

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•Consists of single layer of columnar, goblet and ciliated cells

Simple columnar ciliated

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•Lines some portions of the upper respiratory tract, Fallopian tubes, uterus, some paranasal sinuses and central canal of spinal cord

Simple columnar ciliated

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•found in the throat, trachea, and bronchi of the lungs

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated

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Most common STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM in the body

Stratified squamous

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•Found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction
- subjected to an unfriendly environment
•located predominantly along the exposed surfaces of the body

Stratified squamous

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•found in the throat, the esophagus, the mouth, and the outer portion of the skin

Stratified squamous

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Stratified squamous epithelium needs additional protection, which the body provides by supplying a layer of __________ to the apical surface of the epithelium

Dead cells

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•Found in the lining of sweat gland ducts and salivary gland ducts

Stratified cuboidal

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* Serves a protective function | * Has a limited role in secretion and absorption

Stratified cuboidal

* found as the lining of the ducts of the mammary glands and in parts of the male urethra * Functions in protection and secretion

Stratified columnar

Classification of epithelial cells according to FUNCTION

1. Covering and Lining | 2. Glandular

Glandular epithelium

- endocrine | - exocrine

* lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts * protects, absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus, enzymes and bile salts

Covering and lining

•Glands may consist single epithelial cells or a group of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete various substances.

Glandular

ductless and secrete hormones

Endocrine glands

- thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands

Endocrine glands

- secrete their products into ducts

Exocrine Glands

- eg. sweat and salivary glands

Exocrine Glands

Exocrine glands can further be classified into

Unicellular | Multicellular

What kind of gland is the GOBLET CELLS that lines the RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE TRACT and secretes mucus

Unicellular exocrine glandular gland

Multicellular exocrine gland can further be divided into

Simple | Compound

sweat glands, most of the glands of the digestive tract and the sebaceous glands

Simple multicellular exocrine glands

Have SINGLE, UNBRANCHING DUCTS

Simple multicellular exocrine glands

Have BRANCHING DUCTS

Compound multicellular exocrine glands

mammary glands and the large salivary glands

Compound multicellular exocrine glands

Functional classification of Exocrine glands

1. Holocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Merocrine

* Most abundant and widely distributed | * Well vascularized except CARTILAGES, LIGAMENTS and TENDONS

Connective tissue

3 Basic Elements of Connective Tissues

Cell Ground substance Fibers

Cells contained in the connective tissue

``` Fibroblast Macrophage Plasma cells Mast cells Adipocytes and WBC ```

Produce substance that will become ground substance

Fibroblast

Derived from monocytes and will be used for phagocytosis

Macrophage

From B-cells

Plasma cells

Stores, produce, secretes HISTAMINE responsible for allergic symptoms such as redness and swelling

Mast cells

Examples of Ground substances

Hyaluronic acid Chondroitin sulfate Dermatan sulfate Keratan sulfate

Provide STRENGTH AND SUPPORT for tissues

Connective tissue fibers

3 Types of FIBERS

Collagen Elastic Reticular

bones, tendons, ligament & cartilage

Collagen

skin, blood vessels and lungs

Elasticy

stroma of soft tissue organs such as spleen & lymphnodes

Reticular

Types of connective tissue

A. Loose Connective Tissue B. Dense Connective Tissue C. Specialized Connective Tissue

softer and has more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood

Loose CT

Types of Loose Connective tissue

Areolar Adipose Reticular

•One of the most widely distributed type of loose connective tissue

Areolar

* Contains almost all cells normally found in CT | * All 3 types of fibers are present

Areolar

•Fat tissue in which fat cells are derived from FIBROBLASTS

Adipose CT

Locations of ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Kidneys Heart Marrow of long bones Behind the eyeball

•Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers •Provides strength and support

Reticular tissue

•Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes

Reticular tissue

•Consists of more numerous and thicker fibers and fewer cells than loose connective tissue

Dense CT

Subgroups of DENSE CT

–Dense Regular Connective Tissue –Dense Irregular Connective Tissue –Elastic Connective Tissue

* Consists of bundles of collagen fibers in an orderly, parallel arrangement that confers great strength. * Fibers all run in one direction only • regularly arranged in parallel patterns

DENSE REGULAR CT

•This tissue is silvery white = white fibrous connective tissue

DENSE REGULAR CT

Dense regular CTs

Tendons Aponeuroses Ligaments

•Contains collagen fibers that are interwoven without regular orientation

Dense irregular CTs

* Found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions * Forms some fasciae, dermis of the skin, joint capsules, heart valves and fibrous capsules around organs.

Dense irregular CTs

Dense Irregular CTs forms covering of bones called: ____1____ & cartilage: ____2____

1. periosteum | 2. perichondrium

•Branching elastic fibers

Elastic CT

•Quite strong and can recoil to its original shape after stretching

Elastic CT

•Component of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes of the lungs and lungs.

Elastic CT

Specialized CT

``` I. Cartilage II. Bone III. Dentin IV. Blood V. Lymphoid Tissue VI. Reticuloendothelial or RE System VII. Synovial Membranes ```

•Consists of dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Cartilage

Collagen fibers: _____1______ | Chondroitin sulfate: _____2______

1. Strength | 2. Resilience

Chondrocytes are found in cavities called

Lacunae

Types of Cartilage

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

•Most abundant cartilage in the body

Hyaline cartilage

•Contains a resilient gel as its ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish white, shiny subsatnce

Hyaline cartilage

•Collagen fibers are present but not visible

Hyaline cartilage

•Locations: joints at the ends of long bines, anterior ends of ribs, helps support the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchial tubes, forms the skeleton of the embryo

Hyaline cartilage

•Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage

•Forms the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee

Fibrocartilage

•Offers STRENGTH and RIGIDITY

Fibrocartilage

•Chondrocytes are located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers

Elastic Cartilage

•Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of organs- the epiglottis, auricle, and the auditory tubes.

Elastic Cartilage

•Offers strength and elasticity

Elastic Cartilage

Osseous tissue

Bone

Bone cells

Osteocytes

Types of bone tissue

Compact | Cancellous

* material that forms our teeth | * harder and denser than bone

Dentin

hematopoietic or vascular (liquid blood) tissue

Blood

Liquid (1) and Solid (2) components of the blood

1. Plasma | 2. Blood cells

RBC: WBC: Platelets:

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

found in the lymph glands or nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, the tonsils and the adenoids

Lymphoid tissue

Cellular components of the lymphoid tissue

Lymphocytes | Granulocytes

Consists of specialized CT cells that do PHAGOCYTOSIS

Reticuloendothelial system

Cellular components of the RE system

Monocytes | Macrophages

RE cells that line the liver

Kupffer cells

surrounds, provides mechanical and physical support, convey nourishment to, and provides electrical insulation for the neurons

Neuroglia (glial) or microglia cell

Resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord

Microglia

* line the cavities of freely moving joints | * prevent friction where organ overlies or moves over another

Synovial Membranes

small sacs containing synovial fluid found between muscles, tendons, bones and skin and underlying structures

Bursae

highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

Muscle tissue

Types of Muscle tissues

Smooth Skeletal Cardiac

Branches of CARDIAC muscle cells connect with one another through special areas called

INTERCALATED DISCS

•most highly organized tissue of the body •makes up the brain, spinal cord, and various nerves of the body

Nervous tissue

Types of nerve cells in nervous tissue

Neurons | Neuroglia

- conducting cell | - very long cells (nerve fibers)

Neurons

Major functions of neurons

Irritability | Conductivity

•ability of nerve tissue to respond to environmental changes

Irritability

•ability to carry a nerve impulse

Conductivity

long, thin extensions of the cell body that transmit the impulse toward the axon endings

Axon

contains the nucleus ; has rootlike extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli and conduct them to the cell body

Cell body

Glial cell

Astrocyte

04 - HISTOLOGY Flashcards

(118 cards)