04 - MIDTERM - lec

Question 1

Hormonal Changes

Answer 1

Prolactin
Oxytocin
Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 2

This hormone increases significantly during pregnancy and continues to play a critical role during lactation. It stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

Answer 2

Prolactin

Question 3

Released in response to suckling, triggers the “let-down” reflex, facilitating the release of milk from the mammary glands. It also promotes uterine contractions, which can help the uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size.

Answer 3

Oxytocin

Question 3

Levels of these hormones decrease after childbirth, allowing prolactin to take effect and promoting lactation.

Answer 3

Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 4

The breasts undergo extensive development during pregnancy, preparing for milk production. There is an increase in the number of milk-secreting alveoli and ductal structures.

Answer 4

Mammary Gland Development

Question 5

Breast Changes

Answer 5

Mammary Gland Development
Increased Blood Flow
Nipple Changes

Question 6

Functional Units of Mammary Gland

Answer 6

Alveoli
Secretory Cells
Myoepithelial cells

Question 7

A rounded or oblong-shaped cavity present in the breast. Composed of a cluster of cells (secretory cells) with a duct in the center, whose job is to secrete milk.

Answer 7

Alveoli

Question 8

Cells in the acinus (milk gland) that are responsible for secreting milk components into the ducts.

Answer 8

Secretory Cells

Question 9

Specialized cells that line the alveoli and that can contract to cause milk to be secreted into the duct. Cells that surround the secretory cells.

Answer 9

Myoepithelial cells

Question 10

This stage begins during pregnancy, typically around the second trimester. In this phase, the mammary glands prepare for milk production.

Answer 10

Stage 1

Question 11

This stage occurs after childbirth, typically around 30 to 72 hours postpartum.

Answer 11

Stage II

Question 12

The letdown reflex is primarily controlled by the hormone oxytocin.

Answer 12

Hormonal Control

Question 13

The letdown reflex can also be triggered by physical cues such as the sound of a baby crying or even thinking about a baby.

Answer 13

Physical Cues

Question 14

Lactating women typically need an additional 300-500 calories per day to support milk production

Answer 14

Increased Caloric Needs

Question 14

The letdown may happen several times during a feeding session as the baby suckles, and it can sometimes be felt as a tingling sensation in the breasts.

Answer 14

Timing

Question 14

Metabolic Changes

Answer 14

Increased Caloric Needs
Nutrient Utilization
Fat Mobilization

Question 15

The body may utilize fat stores developed during pregnancy for energy, which can help in postpartum weight loss.

Answer 15

Fat Mobilization

Question 16

There is a higher demand for certain nutrients, including calcium, vitamin D, and protein, to support both the mother’s health and milk quality.

Answer 16

Nutrient Utilization

Question 17

Immune System Adjustments

Answer 17

Antibody Production
Maternal Adjustments

Question 18

Changes in Psychological and Emotional State

Answer 18

Mood Flactuations
Bonding

Question 18

The release of oxytocin during breastfeeding promotes strong maternal-infant bonding.

Answer 18

Bonding

Question 18

Physical Changes

Answer 18

Body Composition
Uterine Contraction

Question 19

Hormonal changes can lead to shifts in body weight and fat distribution.

Answer 19

Body Composition

Question 20

are essential for successful breastfeeding and play a significant role in the overall health and well-being of both the mother and the infant

Answer 20

Physiological changes

Question 20

Oxytocin not only aids in breastfeeding but also helps in contracting the uterus to reduce postpartum bleeding and promote healing.

Answer 20

Uterine Contraction

Question 21

is a unique and complex fluid tailored to meet the nutritional needs of infants

Answer 21

Human milk (Breastmilk)

Question 21

refer to the nutritional intake of women during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal nutrition is crucial as it significantly impacts both the mother's health and the development of the fetus or infant

Answer 21

Maternal Diets

Question 22

Pregnant women generally need an additional 300-500 calories per day, depending on their pre-pregnancy weight and activity level.

Answer 22

Increased Caloric Intake

Question 22

Essential for the growth of fetal tissues, including the brain. Sources include lean meats, dairy, legumes, and nuts.

Answer 22

Protein

Question 22

Should make up the majority of caloric intake, focusing on whole grains, fruits, and vegetables for fiber and nutrients.

Answer 22

Carbohydrates

Question 23

Important for brain development, particularly omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, walnuts, and flaxseeds

Answer 23

Fats

Question 24

Micronutrients need during pregnancy

Answer 24

Folic Acid - 400 to 800grams Iron Calcium Vitamin D

Question 24

Foods need during pregnancy

Answer 24

Fruits and Vegetables Whole Grains Lean Proteins Dairy or Alternatives

Question 25

Foods to Avoid or Limit

Answer 25

High Mercury Fish Raw or Undercooked Meat/Eggs Processed Foods Caffeine and Alcohol

Question 26

Caused by Listeria monocytogenes, this can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness in newborns. High-risk foods include unpasteurized dairy products, deli meats, hot dogs, and refrigerated smoked seafood.

Answer 26

Listeriosis

Question 27

Caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, it can come from undercooked meat or contaminated fruits and vegetables.

Answer 27

Toxoplasmosis

Question 28

Frequently associated with raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, and meat

Answer 28

Salmonella

Question 29

Should be heated until steaming hot to kill potential Listeria bacteria.

Answer 29

Deli Meats and Hot Dogs

Question 30

Benefits of breastmilk to INFANTS

Answer 30

1. Nutritional Excellence 2. Immune System Support 3. Reduce the risk of Chronic Conditions 4. Enhance Cognitive Development 5. Better Digestion 6. Reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 7. Allergy Prevention

Question 31

Benefits of breastfeeding to the mothers

Answer 31

1. Promotes bonding 2. Postpartum Recovery 3. Weight Mangement 4. Reduce risk of Certain Cancers 5. Convenience and Cost-Effectiveness 6. Hormonal Benefits 7. Emotional Well being

Question 32

Breastfeeding fosters a close bond between mother and baby due to skin-to-skin contact and the release of oxytocin, promoting maternal affection and attachment.

Answer 32

Promotes Bonding

Question 33

Breastfeeding helps the uterus contract back to its original size more quickly and reduces bleeding after delivery.

Answer 33

Postpartum Recovery

Question 34

Breastfeeding burns extra calories, which can help mothers return to their pre-pregnancy weight more easily.

Answer 34

Weight Management

Question 34

Breastfeeding can delay the return of menstruation, which may aid in natural birth spacing

Answer 34

Hormonal Benefits

Question 35

The nurturing act of breastfeeding can promote a sense of well-being and reduce the risk of postpartum depression.

Answer 35

Emotional Well-Being

Question 36

Initial steps for breastfeeding

Answer 36

1. start early 2. skin to skin contact

Question 37

Frequency and duration during breastfeeding

Answer 37

- feed on demand - let the baby feed

Question 37

Position during breastfeeding

Answer 37

- comfortable position - latch

Question 38

Nutrition and hydration for mothers

Answer 38

- balanced diet - stay hydrated

Question 38

Support and resources

Answer 38

- seek help - family support

Question 38

Self care for mothers

Answer 38

- rest - monitor health

Question 39

Considerations and Challenges

Answer 39

- pain and discormfort - return to work

Question 40

Special considerations

Answer 40

Cultural and Dietary Preferences weight management gestational diabetes

Question 40

Diets should be adapted to meet cultural norms and individual dietary restrictions (e.g., vegetarianism, lactose intolerance).

Answer 40

Cultural and Dietary Preferences

Question 41

is especially important for pregnant and lactating women, as their immune systems are more vulnerable, and they need to ensure both their own health and the health of their developing or nursing infants.

Answer 41

Food safety

Question 41

Raw and Undercooked Foods

Answer 41

Meats and poultry Eggs Fish

Question 42

Food Storage and Handling

Answer 42

Cross contamination Proper storage Freezing