05/2

Question 1

what are the three ways to hydrate an alkene

Answer 1

Acid-catalyzed hydration (markovnikov, no stereoselectivity)
Oxymercuration demercuration (markovnikov, anti addition)

Hydroboration oxidation (anti-markovnikov, syn addition)

Question 2

How do you create an alkyl halide from an alkene

Answer 2

halogenation (markovnikov addition, no stereoselectivity)

halogenation in peroxides (anti markovnikov, no stereoselectivity)

Question 3

what is 1,2 dihydroxylation

Answer 3

it is addition of two hydroxyl’s with osmium tetraoxide in pyridine solvent

Question 4

draw the structure of pyridine

Question 5

why do we use pryidine in 1,2 dihydroxylation

Answer 5

it is one of the only solvents that dissolves osmium

Question 6

What is the purpose of reactions, specifically what is the purpose of 1,2 dihydroxylation?

Answer 6

reactions are meant to add functionality, in this reaction we add 2 hydroxyls

Question 7

what are the important features of a 1,2-dihydroxylation with OsO4 as a reagent?

Answer 7

it is a syn addition that adds two hydroxyl groups on neighboring carbons on the same side

Question 8

why do we prefer to use catalytic dihydroxylation?

Answer 8

it uses less Osmium, which is toxic

Question 9

if we wanted to preform catalytic dihydroxylation, what solvent should we use?

Answer 9

NMO, n-methyl morpholine oxide

Question 10

what is the purpose of using Ozone (O3) with an alkene

Answer 10

oxidative cleavage of an alkene, it creates a open chain alkane with added oxygens

Question 11

how is O3 created

Answer 11

with an ozenator, it electrically charges an O2 to create O3

Question 12

If you have a cycloalkene with only hydrogens attached at the pi bond, what is the product with an O3 reagent

Answer 12

a dialdehyde

Question 13

what is the process of a oxidative cleavage of alkenes?

Answer 13

we take ozone (O3)/Me2S to a cycloalkene, the oxygens create carbonyls at the carbons attached to the alkenes, and it opens the ring into a straight chain

depending on the substituents you will get different products

Question 14

If you have a cycloalkene with methyl substituents on the pi bond, what is the product with an O3 reagent?

Answer 14

diketone

Question 15

if you preform oxidative cleavage with KMnO4 and a nonsubstituted alkene, what is the product?

Answer 15

dicarboxylic acid

Question 16

when subjected to O3/Me2S, Alkenes with mono carbon atoms are oxidatively cleaved to

Answer 16

dialdehyde

Question 17

when subjected to O3/Me2S, Alkenes with disub carbon atoms are oxidatively cleaved to

Answer 17

diketones

Question 18

when subjected to KMnO4, Alkenes with monosub carbon atoms in basic conditions are oxidatively cleaved to

Answer 18

carboxlylic acids

Question 19

if we subject a terminal alkyne to an excess halogen, what is the result

Answer 19

tetrahalo compound

Question 20

when preforming a hydrohalogenation to an alkyne, where do we add the halogen?

Answer 20

it is a markovnikov addition, so we add the halogen to the more substituted carbon

Question 21

when preforming hydrohalogenation on a terminal alkyne, what is the end result

Answer 21

a geminal dihalide

Question 22

when reacting HBr in peroxides with an alkyne , what is the result? where will the Br add?

Answer 22

we will get both cis and trans alkene structures with the Br on the less substituted carbon

Question 23

what is a radical?

Answer 23

a radical carbon has 3 bonds and 1 electron, it is neutral

Question 24

what is the least stable intermediate

Answer 24

radicals