acids and bases

Question 1

What is a Bronsted Lowry acid?

Answer 1

a proton donor

Question 2

what is a bronsted base?

Answer 2

a proton acceptor

Question 3

what does a bronsted acid become when it donates it’s proton?

Answer 3

a conjugate base

Question 4

what does a bronsted lowry base become when it accepts the proton from the acid?

Answer 4

a conjugate acid

Question 5

what is a lewis acid?

Answer 5

an electron pair acceptor

Question 6

what is a lewis base?

Answer 6

an electron pair donor

Question 7

what are electrophiles?

Answer 7

they are lewis acids that “love electrons” and they accept electrons

Question 8

what are nucelophiles

Answer 8

they are lewis bases that are “nucleus lovers” and they donate electrons (Love positive charges)

Question 9

what is acid strength dependent on?

Answer 9

the stability of its conjugate base

Question 10

in general, what makes a conjugate base more stable?

Answer 10

if it’s negative charge is more stable

this is determined by:
- delocalization of negative charge
- electronegativity
- hybridization
- atomic size

Question 11

how does electronegativity factor in conjugate base stabilization?

Answer 11

if the negative charge is on a more electronegative atom, it is more stable

Question 12

what does size have to do with acidity?

Answer 12

An atom with a larger size will be have a more stable conjugate base since the charge can delocalize over a larger surface area

Question 13

If an atom is larger than one that is more electronegative, what does that say about its stability?

Answer 13

Size trumps electronegativity, the acid with the larger atom will have a more stable conjugate base than an acid with a smaller atom even if the electronegativity is higher

Question 14

What does hybridization have to do with stability of conjugate bases?

Answer 14

anions that reside in orbitals with more s character are more stable than those with more p character since they are closer to the nucleus

electrons are more stable when they are close to the nucleus

Question 15

which orbitals have the most s character

Answer 15

sp>sp2>sp3

Question 16

what is the effect of electronegativity groupings on a conjugate base?

Answer 16

they delocalize the charge over the spread of the molecule

Question 17

what is the resonance effect on an acid?

Answer 17

Acids with conjugate bases that have resonance are more acidic since the base can be stabilized by the delocalization of the charge on the base

Question 18

the lower the pka, the :

Answer 18

stronger the acid

Question 19

what order do the rules of stability go in?

Answer 19

atom, resonance, induction, orbital

Question 20

IR spectroscopy is representative of what?

Answer 20

bond vibrations between atoms

Question 21

what is the frequency of IR dependent on?

Answer 21

the mass of the atoms
the bond strength
the dipole moment changes

Question 22

how does the mass of atoms affect IR spec?

Answer 22

heavy atoms have lower frequencies

Question 23

how does bond strength affect IR spec?

Answer 23

stronger bonds have faster vibrations (Alkynes vs Alkanes)

Question 24

what affect do dipole moments have on charges

Answer 24

the changes are detected in peaks, the dipole moment must change as vibration occurs

Question 25

if an atom is symmetric (ethene)

Answer 25

there is no peak and it is known as IR inactive

Question 26

what is the bond stretch of C=C

Answer 26

1650

Question 27

What is the bond stretch of C=O

Answer 27

1700

Question 28

what is the bond stretch an an alkyne (triple bond)

Answer 28

2100

Question 29

what is the bond stretch of C-H

Answer 29

2900

Question 30

what i sthe bond stretch of O-H

Answer 30

3500

Question 31

What are substitution reactions?

Answer 31

The substrate (what is being reacted) is replaced by another molecule, causing the substrate to become a leaving group

Question 32

What are Addition reactions?

Answer 32

Two molecules come together to form a larger one

Question 33

What are elimination reactions?

Answer 33

A large molecule breaks into smaller molecules

Question 34

what are rearrangements

Answer 34

reactions that form constitutional isomers of eachother, nothing comes in or out

Question 35

electrons always flow from

Answer 35

electron rich to electron poor

Question 36

what does a fishhook arrow curve represent

Answer 36

movement of one electron

Question 37

what is a homolytic bond cleavage

Answer 37

1 electron goes to each atom in the bond

Question 38

what is a heterolytic bond cleavage

Answer 38

one atom takes all the electrons while the other takes none

Question 39

lewis acids are

Answer 39

electrophilic

Question 40

lewis bases are

Answer 40

nucleophilic ( positive charge seeking)

Question 41

what side does equilibirum favor?

Answer 41

the side with the weaker acid (larger pka)

Question 43

what’s the difference between stereoisomers and constitutional

Answer 43

stereoisomers have the same molecular formulas and the same connectivities but DIFFERENT spatial arrangements

constitutional isomers have the same molecular formulas but different connectivities