Chapter One

Question 1

Why is structure important?

Answer 1

It determines the function of a molecule

Question 2

What is the atomic number

Answer 2

the number of protons

Question 3

What is the mass number

Answer 3

The protons + the neutrons

Question 4

What are isotopes?

Answer 4

same atomic numbers with a different atomic mass

Question 5

What is the atomic mass representative of?

Answer 5

The average mass of elements’ naturally occurring isotopes

Question 6

What the formal charge formula

Answer 6

formal charge = #valence electrons -1/2(shared electrons) - (#unshared electrons)

Question 7

How many bonds does a neutral hydrogen like?

Answer 7

1

Question 8

How many covalent bonds does a neutral carbon like?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

how many bonds does a neutral nitrogen like

Answer 9

3 or 4

Question 10

how many bonds does oxygen like

Answer 10

2 (divalent)

Question 11

how many bonds do Halogen like?

Answer 11

1 (monovalent)

Question 12

What is the Aufbau principle?

Answer 12

Start filling the electron orbitals from the lowest up

Question 13

What is the poly-exclusion principle?

Answer 13

only 2 electrons can fill an orbital with different spins

Question 14

What is Hund’s rule?

Answer 14

if empty orbitals of equal energy are available, one electron occupies each with parallel spins

Question 15

What is valence bond theory?

Answer 15

A covalent bond forms when 2 atoms approach each other closely so that one singly occupied orbital on one atom overlaps with another singley occupied orbital

Question 16

When a bond is formed

Answer 16

energy is lost as the energy level becomes lower, making it exothermic

Question 17

When a bond is broken

Answer 17

Energy is absorbed

Question 18

what are isomers

Answer 18

different compounds with the same molecular formula

Question 19

what are constitutional isomers?

Answer 19

compounds with different structures but the same formula

Question 20

what are the rules of resonance

Answer 20

resonance forms are imaginary but hybrids are real

only the electrons move

only proper lewis structure forms can exist (octet rule)

resonance hybrids are the most stable due to their de localized charge)

Question 21

what is an electron group

Answer 21

lone pairs, single/double/triple bonds

Question 22

how many electron groups does s hybrid need

Answer 22

1

Question 23

how many e groups does sp hybrid need

Answer 23

2

Question 24

how many e groups does sp2 hybrid need

Answer 24

3

Question 25

how many e groups does sp3 hybrid need

Answer 25

4

Question 26

what is the geometry and bond angle of sp

Answer 26

linear, 180 degrees

Question 27

what is the geometry and bond angle of sp2

Answer 27

trigonal planar 120 degrees

Question 28

what is the geometry and bond angle of sp3

Answer 28

tetrahedral, 109.5 degrees

Question 29

what are the rules of solubility of organic compounds

Answer 29

polar solvents dissolve polar solvents, nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar, polar solvents will not dissolve nonpolar compounds

Question 30

what are the intermolecular forces in order of strongest to weakest

Answer 30

ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole, london disperson

Question 31

what does CHO indicate

Answer 31

an aldehyde

Question 32

what does COOCH3 indicate

Answer 32

an ester

Question 33

what does NH2 mean

Answer 33

an amine

Question 34

what does CONH2 mean

Answer 34

an amide