07 - Processing Language

Question 0

How does Psychology believe that language functions?

Answer 0

It is dependent on many cognitive processes

Question 1

How does classic linguistics believe that language functions?

Answer 1

Independently of anything else

Question 2

Who came up with the Information Processing Model? When?

Answer 2

Atkinson & Shiffrin

1968

Question 3

What is the Information Processing Model?

Answer 3

You receive Stimuli

This goes into the Sensory Store

This information can be forgotten or transferred into Short-Term/Working Memory

This can be forgotten or transferred into Long-Term Memory (Permanent Memory)

Question 4

What three systems are required for successful language use?

Answer 4

Sensory Store

Short Term Memory/Working Memory

Long Term Memory

Question 5

What is Sensory Store?

Answer 5

Raw and unanalyzed data

Color, tastes, different tones, etc.

It is stored very, very briefly

Question 6

What is the point of our sensory store?

Answer 6

To provide us time for further processing

Question 7

What is Pattern Recognition?

Answer 7

Your brain recognizing familiar sensory information

Recognizing what you see/hear/etc.

Question 8

When does Pattern Recognition happen?

Answer 8

After the Sensory Store

Question 9

What is Iconic Memory?

Answer 9

Visual Sensory Store

Question 10

What is the capacity of our Iconic Memory?

Answer 10

Around 9-12 items

Question 11

How fast does our Iconic Memory fade?

Answer 11

In about 500 ms

Question 12

What was Sperling interested in?

Answer 12

How many letters we can store when we are showed them very quickly

Question 13

How did Sperling’s experiment work?

Answer 13

He showed subjects 12 letters for 50 ms

Asked about whole report

Question 14

What is a Whole Report?

Answer 14

Everything

In Sperling’s experiment, the whole array of letters

Question 15

What did Sperling use to show his subjects the letters?

Answer 15

T-scope (used to project images in a box for viewing)

Question 16

What did Sperling find?

Answer 16

People tend to recall about 4.5 letters (out of 12)

Question 17

What was Sperling’s second experiment?

Answer 17

He asked people about a partial report

Question 18

What is a Partial Report?

Answer 18

Part of the information given

For Sperling, this was asking people to report information from only one row

Question 19

How did Sperling’s second experiment work?

Answer 19

Subjects were shown a full array of letters

They were then given a signal to tell them what to remember

Question 20

What was the signal in Sperling’s second experiment?

Answer 20

A tone + and arrow

Question 21

What did Sperling find in his second experiment?

Answer 21

People reported 3-4 letters in the row

This means they must have recognized at least 9 of the letters

Question 22

What did Sperling find happened if he waited 500 ms before playing the tone?

Answer 22

That recognition when down to 4.5 overall letters (normal)

Question 23

What did we learn from Sperling’s experiments?

Answer 23

That our visual sensory store information fades very quickly

Question 24

What is Echoic Memory?

Answer 24

Auditory memory store

Question 25

What is the capacity of our Echoic Memory?

Answer 25

About 5 items Has a smaller capacity than Visual

Question 26

How long does our Echoic Memory last?

Answer 26

4-5 seconds Lasts longer than Visual This is the "Huh? Oh yeah!" phenomenon

Question 28

What does STM stand for?

Answer 28

Short Term Memory

Question 29

What is someone's Short Term Memory Span?

Answer 29

The longest sequence a person can recall Their capacity

Question 30

How can we expand our STM?

Answer 30

By chunking items

Question 31

What is Chunking?

Answer 31

Putting information into meaningful groups of items The groups must be meaningful!!! Example: 1-986-177-6704 1986-1776-704 (July 4th)

Question 32

Why is chunking effective?

Answer 32

It allows our long term memory to aid our short term memory

Question 33

How long can our short term memory hold information?

Answer 33

For about 20-30 seconds

Question 34

What can you do to keep information in your short term memory for longer?

Answer 34

Through rehearsal

Question 35

Does rehearsal guarantee that info will be passed to LTM?

Answer 35

No Students who cram right before a test may perform well on the test but usually lose much of the information a day later

Question 36

What are some tasks that can reduce our short term memory capacity?

Answer 36

Multi-tasking Harder tasks Organizing information

Question 37

What is the difference between short term memory and working memory?

Answer 37

Short term memory is just the story of items (It's passive) Working memory is process + storage

Question 38

What does Working Memory do?

Answer 38

Stores and manipulates active information Involved in the processing of all active information

Question 39

In what ways is Working Memory limited?

Answer 39

The amount of information it can hold How long it can hold it How much it can process

Question 40

Why do SLPs often use a Digit Span and a Digit Backward or Reordering Span?

Answer 40

It compares your short term memory to your working memory

Question 41

Do people tend to score better on Digit Spans or Digit Backward or Reordering Spans? By how much? What is the exception?

Answer 41

Digit Spans by about 2 digits Kids with ADHD often do better in Digit Backwards/Reordering Spans. It requires more attention and stimulates attention

Question 42

What is Processing Capacity?

Answer 42

The limited amount of MENTAL RESOURCES available to someone

Question 43

When WM capacity is exceeded, it can affect language ______ and _______.

Answer 43

Production Comprehension

Question 44

What is the Baddeley Working Memory Model?

Answer 44

That the Central Executive coordinates and divides tasks among the two slave systems: the Visuospatial Sketchpad and the Phonological Loop

Question 45

What does the Visuospatial Sketchpad do?

Answer 45

Takes in visual and spatial information

Question 46

What does the Phonological Loop do?

Answer 46

Takes in verbal information

Question 47

Can you can do tasks at the same time that use different subsystems? Drawing & Talking -VS- Typing & Talking?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Who is a big name in Long Term Memory?

Answer 48

Tulving

Question 49

When were Tulving's big years?

Answer 49

1972 1983

Question 50

What are the three big sections to long term memory?

Answer 50

Episodic Semantic Procedural

Question 51

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 51

Autobiographical or Event Memory Personally Experienced Events (What you had from breakfast? Your first date? Etc.)

Question 52

What are Flashbulb Memories?

Answer 52

Emotional charged, vivid memories | 9/11, Death of Princess Diana, etc.

Question 53

Are episodic memories always reliable?

Answer 53

No, they often change over time

Question 54

Who studied flashbulb memories? When?

Answer 54

Schmolck, Buffalo, & Squire 2000

Question 55

What specifically did Schmolck, Buffalo, & Squire study? What did they find?

Answer 55

Studied OJ Simpson trial flashbulb memories People's memories change but they remain confident in them

Question 56

How long does it take to develop episodic memories? What do you have to do?

Answer 56

One experience Nothing. You are usually not actively trying to remember the information

Question 57

Episodic memories often contain information about ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 57

Time Place Emotions that were felt during the experience

Question 58

Are When and Where important to episodic memories?

Answer 58

Yes!

Question 59

What is Semantic Memory? | 5

Answer 59

General world knowledge Conceptual knowledge Functional knowledge Factual knowledge Language knowledge

Question 60

Is the Where and When important to semantic memory?

Answer 60

No!

Question 61

How long does it take for semantic memories to form?

Answer 61

Many repeated (episodic) experiences

Question 62

Why is semantic memory critical for our survival in the world?

Answer 62

Allows us to recognize new objects and situations If we can't recognize something, it makes us uncomfortable

Question 63

What is Procedural Memory?

Answer 63

Skill based memory

Question 64

What does procedural memory include?

Answer 64

Motor Skills Muscle memory (Typing, swimming, computer programs, driving, etc.)

Question 65

How is procedural memory learned?

Answer 65

Through repetition Things that were hard to learn are now easier

Question 66

When procedural memory takes over, we go into ______.

Answer 66

"Auto-pilot"

Question 67

What is Serial Processing?

Answer 67

Processing one thing at a time

Question 68

What is a serial processing approach to reading?

Answer 68

Look at the features (lines, curves, circles, etc.) Look at the letters Look at the word Look at the meaning

Question 69

What is Parallel Processing?

Answer 69

Processing everything at the same time We go into the next level of processing before we finish the first

Question 70

What is Modular Processing?

Answer 70

Processes operate independently Syntax is separate from Semantics Similar to Chomsky's theories

Question 71

What is Interactive Processing?

Answer 71

The idea that processes interact and affect each other Syntax Semantics Sentences are understood by looking how the syntax and semantics work and interact together

Question 72

What is Automatic Processing?

Answer 72

Done with very little effort Easy - you just do it

Question 73

What is Controlled Processing?

Answer 73

Requires attention & effort Hard - you work for it

Question 74

Is there a dichotomy between Top-Down & Bottom-Up Processing?

Answer 74

No. We do not see them as competing theories. The question is which one is being use when

Question 75

What is Bottom-Up Processing?

Answer 75

Starts with information gained from the stimulus (Sounds, visual features, etc.)

Question 76

What is Top-Down Processing?

Answer 76

Processing that is influenced by our knowledge Memories, expectations, etc