1/20/15

Question 1

What is the definition of myelophthisis? What are the morphological characteristics of RBCs in this condition?

Answer 1

replacement of the bone marrow by metastatic carcinoma, fibrosis or granulomatous disease. RBCs look like tear-drops

Question 2

What are the etiologies of aplastic anemia?

Answer 2

idiopathic viral infections (unknown hepatitis virus, HIV, EBV, CMV) drugs/chemo (chloramphenicol, benzene, sulfonamides, radiation) defects in telomerase gene defects in DNA repair (Fanconi anemia)

Question 3

What are the signs of Fanconi anemia?

Answer 3

pancytopenia/aplastic anemia short stature hypoplastic thumbs hypo pigmented skin hypogonadism microcephaly

Question 4

In what organs does fetal hematopoiesis take place?

Answer 4

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood Yolk sac -> liver -> spleen -> bone marrow

Question 5

Answer 5

Poliomyelitis or Werdnig-Hoffman syndrome

Destruction of the anterior horns. LMN lesions only

Question 6

Answer 6

Multiple sclerosis

Random, asymmetric demyelination of white matter

Question 7

Answer 7

ALS

Lateral corticospinal tract and anterior horn degeneration. UMN and LMN signs

Question 8

Answer 8

Tabes dorsalis

Question 9

Answer 9

Syringomyelia

seen in Chiari I malformations

Question 10

Answer 10

Vitamin B12 defciency

Subacute, combined degeneration of lateral corticospinal tract and posterior column

Question 11

Answer 11

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Question 12

What is Parinaud syndrome?

Answer 12

paralysis of vertical conjugate gaze due to a lesion in the superior colliculus, possibly from a tumor of the pineal gland

Question 13

What are the three vagus nerve nuclei? what is their function?

Answer 13

Nucleus solitarius - visceral sensory information (taste, baroreceptors, gut distension)

Nucleus Ambiguus - motor innervation to pharynx, larynx and upper esophagus (swallowing, palate elevation)

Dorsal motor nucleus - parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs and upper GI

Question 14

What are the afferent and efferent nerves in the following reflexes? corneal, jaw-jerk, lacrimation, pupillary, gag

Answer 14

Corneal reflex: afferent = V1, efferent = CN VII

Jaw-jerk reflex: afferent = V3, efferent = V3

lacrimation: afferent = V1, efferent = VII

Pupillary: afferent = CN II, efferent = CN III

Gag: afferent = glossopharyngeal; efferent = vagus