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Question 1

Which of the following exercise modes allows buoyancy to reduce the potential for musculoskeletal injury?

A) Cycling
B) Walking
C) Skiing
D) Water exercise

Answer 1

D. Water exercise

“Water exercise has gained in popularity because the buoyancy properties of water help to reduce the potential for musculoskeletal injury and may even allow injured people an opportunity to exercise without further injury.”

Question 2

In which stage of motivational readiness is a person who is an irregular exerciser?

A) Precontemplation
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation
D) Action

Answer 2

C. Preparation

Preparation is an individual who is planning for or irregularly exercising, whereas the stage of action represents a person who is currently exercising.”

Question 3

“Which of the following medications is designed to modify blood cholesterol levels?

A) Nitrates

B) β-blockers
C) Antihyperlipidemics
D) Aspirin”

Answer 3

“C. Antihyperlipidemics

Antihyperlipidemics control blood lipids, especially cholesterol and LDL.

Nitrates and nitroglycerine are antianginals (used to reduce chest pain associated with angina pectoris).

β-Blockers are antihypertensives (used to reduce BP by inhibiting the action of adrenergic neurotransmitters at the β-receptor, thereby promoting peripheral vasodilation). β-Blockers also decreases CO.

Aspirin helps lower blood platelet coagulation making the blood less “sticky.”

Question 4

Which of the following represents more than 90% of the fat stored in the body and is composed of a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acids?

A) Phospholipids
B) Cholesterol
C) Triglycerides (TG)
D) Free fatty acids

Answer 4

C. Triglycerides (TG)

Dietary fats include TG, sterols (e.g., cholesterol), and phospholipids.

TG represent more than 90% of the fat stored in the body.

A TG is a glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid molecules.

The fatty acids are identified by the amount of “saturation” or the number of single or double bonds that link the carbon atoms.

Saturated fatty acids only have single bonds.

Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds.”

Question 5

Limited flexibility of which of the following muscle groups increases the risk of low back pain?

A) Quadriceps
B) Hamstrings
C) Hip flexors
D) Gluteus maximus

Answer 5

B. Hamstrings

An adequate ROM or joint mobility is requisite for optimal musculoskeletal health.

Specifically, limited flexibility of the low back and hamstring regions may relate to an increased risk for development of chronic low back pain and disability.

Question 6

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and chloride are examples of _____.

A) Macrominerals
B) Microminerals
C) Proteins
D) Vitamins

Answer 6

“A. Macrominerals

Minerals are inorganic substances that perform various functions in the body.

Many play an important role in assisting enzymes (or coenzymes) that are necessary for the proper functioning of body systems.

Page 179 CPT Review

Question 7

“Which of the following terms represents an imaginary horizontal plane passing through the midsection of the body and dividing it into upper and lower portions?”

A) Sagittal

B) Frontal

C) Transverse

D) Superior

Answer 7

C. Transverse

The body has three cardinal planes, and each individual plane is perpendicular to the other two. Movement occurs along these planes.

Question 8

A personal trainer fails to spot a client performing heavy incline dumbbell presses and the client injures himself when the dumbbell is dropped on his face.

Which of the following identify the appropriate type of negligence displayed in this scenario?

A) Admission
B) Commission
C) Omission
D) Legal

Answer 8

C. Omission

In this situation, the trainer failed to spot (omission) the client, which resulted in injury.

Negligence is a failure to conform one’s conduct to a generally accepted standard or duty.

Gross negligence (also referred to as reckless conduct or willful/wanton conduct) is a conscious, voluntary act (commission), or failure to act (omission), in reckless disregard of the legal duty and of the consequences to the plaintiff.

Question 9

Which of the following blood pressure (BP) readings would characterize hypertension in the adult?

A) 100/60 mm Hg
B) 110/70 mm Hg
C) 120/80 mm Hg
D) 140/90 mm Hg

Answer 9

D. 140/90 mm Hg

To be classified as hypertensive, the SBP must equal or exceed 140 mm Hg or the diastolic pressure must equal or exceed 90 mm Hg as measured on two separate occasions, preferably days apart.

An elevation of either the systolic or diastolic pressure is classified as hypertension.

Question 10

Which of the following stages define people having the greatest risk of relapse?

A) Precontemplation
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation
D) Action

Answer 10

D. Action

People in the action stage are at the greatest risk of relapse.

Instruction about avoiding injury, exercise boredom, and burnout is important for those who have recently begun an exercise program.

Question 11

Uncoordinated gait, headache, dizziness, vomiting, and elevated body temperature are signs and symptoms of _____.

A) Acute exposure to the cold

B) Hypothermia
C) Heat exhaustion and heat stroke
D) Acute altitude sickness

Answer 11

C. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are serious conditions that result from a combination of the metabolic heat generated from exercise accompanied by dehydration and electrolyte loss from sweating.

Question 12

Moving the hand from palm up to palm down with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees

A) Adducts the ulna
B) Internally rotates the radius
C) Internally rotates the humerus
D) Flexes the ulna

Answer 12

B. Internally rotates the radius

Rotation is a movement of long bones about their long axis.

Angular movements decrease or increase the joint angle produced by the articulating bones.

Question 13

What is a subject’s work rate in watts if he pedals on a Monark cycle ergometer at 50 revolutions per minute (RPM) at a resistance of 2.0 kp? Assume that one revolution of the cycle ergometer flywheel is 6 meters long.

A) 10 W
B) 50 W
C) 100 W
D) 200 W

Answer 13

C. 100 W [work in watts]

Work = force X distance.

Force = 2.0 kp X

50 RPM X 6 meters = 600 meters (distance)

Watts/Power = work ÷ time

(600/¯¹ kgm)/minute ¯¹/6

600/¯¹ kgm ¯¹/6 = 100 W

Note: kilogram-force [kgf or kgF] or kilopond [kp, latin for pounds meaning weight]

Note:

Distance in the work equation is the distance that a point on the flywheel moves against the friction resistance.

One revolution of the flywheel is equal to a distance of 6.0 meters, therefore every time the pedals of the bike make one complete revolution, the flywheel moves 6.0 meters.

If the friction resistance is set at 2 kg, then 12 kilogram-meters (kgm) of work is done with each pedal revolution:

Work = force x distance = 2 kg x 6 m/rev = 12kgm/rev);

If the resistance is set at 5 kg, then:

Work = 5 kg x 6 m/rev = 30 kgm/pedal revolution; and so forth.

Question 14

Relative proportions of fat and fat-free (lean) tissue can be reported as _____.

A) Percentage body fat
B) Body composition
C) Body mass index (BMI)
D) Weight-to-waist circumference ratio

Answer 14

B. Body composition

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of fat and fat-free (lean) tissue in the body.

To determine the relative proportion of fat mass or fat-free mass, each is divided into the total body mass.

Question 15

How many calories are contained in a food bar that contains 5 g of fat, 30 g of carbohydrates including 4 g of fiber, and 3 g of protein?

A) 161 kcal
B) 168 kcal
C) 177 kcal
D) 193 kcal

Answer 15

A. 161 kcal

There are 4 kcal • g ¯¹ of carbohydrate and protein and 9 kcal ¯¹ of fat

5 g × 9 kcal = 45 kcal from fat
3 g × 4 kcal = 12 kcal from protein
26 g × 4 kcal = 104 kcal from carbohydrate (30 g of carbs minus 4 g of fiber)
Note: fiber is a carbohydrate but, because it is not absorbable it should not be used in determining caloric content of food.

Question 16

Verbal encouragement, material incentives, self-praise, and use of specific contingency contracts are examples of _____.

A) Shaping
B) Reinforcement
C) Antecedent control
D) Setting goals

Answer 16

B. Reinforcement

Reinforcement is the positive or negative consequence for performing or not performing a behavior.

Positive consequences are rewards that motivate behavior. This can include both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.

Intrinsic rewards are the benefits gained because of the rewarding nature of the activity.

Extrinsic or external rewards are the positive outcomes received from others, which may include encouragement and praise or material reinforcements such as T-shirts and money.

Question 17

Which physiologic response(s) would be expected to occur under conditions of high ambient temperature?

A) Decreased maximal oxygen uptake
B) Decreased heart rate at rest
C) Increased heart rate at submaximal workload
D) Decreased maximal heart rate

Answer 17

C. Increased heart rate at submaximal workload

Compared with a cool and dry environment, a higher metabolic cost exists at submaximal workloads when exercising in the heat and humidity.

Question 18

Regular exercise will result in what chronic adaptation in cardiac output (CO) during exercise at the same workload?

A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No change

Answer 18

C. No change

CO does not change significantly, primarily because the person is performing the same amount of work and, thus, responds with the same CO.

It should be noted, however, that the same CO is now being generated with a lower HR and higher stroke volume compared with when the person was untrained.

Question 19

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, producing bone porosity and fragility?

A) Osteoarthritis

B) Osteomyelitis
C) Epiphyseal osteomyelitis
D) Osteoporosis

Answer 19

D) Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis refers to a condition that characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, producing bone porosity and fragility, and it refers to the clinical condition of low bone mass and the accompanying increase in susceptibility to fracture from minor trauma.

Question 20

Studies designed to measure the success of a program based on some quantifiable data that can be analyzed examine ____.

A) Incomes
B) Outcomes
C) Client progress notes
D) Attendance records

Answer 20

B. Outcomes
Outcomes are designed to measure the success of a program based on the outcome for a patient or client.

Outcome studies require quantifiable data that can be analyzed — data that study the success of a program in terms of quantifiable measures (e.g., change in body composition).

Measuring client satisfaction, level of change, length of time for change to occur, or percentage of clients who reach their goals are other examples of outcomes.

Outcomes can be very helpful in marketing programs as well as in comparing one facility with another.

Question 21

When using the original Borg scale (6–20) for the general public, exercise intensity should be maintained between _____.

A) 7 and 10
B) 12 and 16
C) 17 and 18
D) 19 and 20

Answer 21

“B. 12 and 16”

Although some learning is required on the part of the participant, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) should be considered an adjunct to HR measures.

The RPE can be used as a reliable barometer of exercise intensity.

Question 22

Rotation of the anterior surface of a bone toward the midline of the body is called _____.

A) Medial rotation
B) Lateral rotation
C) Supination
D) Pronation

Answer 22

A. Medial rotation

Rotation of the anterior surface of the bone toward the midline of the body is medial rotation, whereas rotation of the same bone away from the midline is lateral rotation.

Rotation is the turning of a bone around its own longitudinal axis or around another bone.

Supination is a specialized rotation of the forearm that results in the palm of the hand being turned forward (anteriorly).

Pronation (the opposite of supination) is the rotation of the forearm that results in the palm of the hand being directed backward (posteriorly).

Question 23

At what level is high-density lipoprotein (HDL) considered a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease?

A) <200 mg · dL−1
B) <110 mg · dL−1

C) <60 mg · dL−1
D) <40 mg · dL−1

Answer 23

“D. <40 mg · dL−1”

Risk factors that contribute to the development of CAD include age (men >45 yr; women >55 yr)

A family history of myocardial infarction (MI) or sudden death (male first-degree relatives <55 yr and female first-degree relatives <65 yr)

Cigarette smoking, hypertension (arterial BP >140/90 mm Hg measured on two separate occasions)

Hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol >200 mg · dL−1 or 5.2 mmol · L−1, or HDL <35 mg · dL−1 or 0.9 mmol · L−1)

DM in individuals older than 30 yr or in individuals who have had Type 1 diabetes more than 15 yrs or Type 2 diabetes in individuals older than 35 yr.

Other risk factors contribute to the development of CAD but are not primary risk factors.

Question 24

Which of the following health history combinations would place an individual into the MODERATE-RISK category for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A) HDL <50 mg · dL−1; current smoker; female waist-to-hip ratio <0.86
B) HDL >60 mg · dL−1; current smoker; male waist girth >102 cm
C) HDL <40 mg · dL−1; current smoker; BMI <28
D) HDL >60 mg · dL−1; current smoker; fasting blood glucose >100

Answer 24

C. HDL <40 mg · dL−1; current smoker; BMI <28

The low-risk category is asymptomatic and has one or no major risk factor for CAD.

A person is placed in the moderate-risk category if he or she has two or more major risk factors for CAD.

A person in the high-risk category is someone with signs, symptoms of, or known cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, and metabolic disease.

If a person has high serum HDL cholesterol (>60 mg · dL−1), subtract one risk factor from the sum of positive risk factors because high HDL levels decrease the risk of CAD.

Question 25

What could be an alternative to the contraindicated, high-risk yoga plough (supine legs overhead) exercise?

A) Squats to 90 degrees
B) Flexion with rotation
C) Double knee to chest
D) Lateral neck stretches

Answer 25

C. Double knee to chest

Double knee to chest stretches are safe alternative to the plough.

Squats to 90 degrees and lateral neck stretches are considered safe alternative exercises to full squats and full neck rolls, respectively.

Flexion with rotation is considered a contraindicated high-risk exercise and is not recommended.

An alternative to flexion with rotation is supine curl-ups with flexion followed by rotation.