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Question 1

Which of the following adaptations would NOT be expected to occur as a result of long-term aerobic training?

A) Decrease in resting HR (HRrest)
B) Increase in resting stroke volume
C) Increase in resting CO
D) Increase in HRmax

Answer 1

C. Increase in resting CO

(Page 381) ACSM Resources

At rest, CO is not affected by training status.

The amount of blood needed to sustain the body’s functions at rest does not differ between those who are trained and those who are sedentary.

Question 2

Compared with running, swimming will result in __________ even if exercise intensity is the same.

A) A higher HR
B) A lower HR
C) A lower CO
D) A higher CO

Answer 2

B. A lower HR

At any given intensity, HR will be lower during swimming than it will be with exercise performed in a standing position, such as running, because of postural differences.

Question 3

An increase in both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) at rest and during exercise often accompanies aging. BP usually increases because of

A) Increased arterial compliance and decreased arterial stiffness

B) Decreased arterial compliance and increased arterial stiffness
C) Decrease in both arterial compliance and arterial stiffness
D) Increase in both arterial compliance and arterial stiffness

Answer 3

B. Decreased arterial compliance and increased arterial stiffness

A decrease in arterial compliance and an increase in arterial stiffness with age can result in elevated SBP and DBP both at rest and during exercise

Question 4

Which condition is commonly associated with a progressive decline in bone mineral density and calcium content in postmenopausal women?

A) Osteoarthritis
B) Osteoporosis
C) Arthritis
D) Epiphysitis

Answer 4

B. Osteoporosis

Advancing age brings a progressive decline in bone mineral density and calcium content.

This loss is accelerated in women immediately after menopause.

As a result, older adults are more susceptible to osteoporosis and bone fractures.

Question 5

Which of the following is a result of an older person participating in an exercise program?

A) Overall improvement in the quality of life and increased independence
B) No changes in the quality of life but an increase in longevity
C) Increased longevity but a loss of bone mass
D) Loss of bone mass with a concomitant increase in bone density

Answer 5

A. Overall improvement in the quality of life and increased independence

Most older adults are not sufficiently active. This population can benefit greatly from regular participation in a well-designed exercise program. Benefits of such a program include increased fitness, improved health status (reduction in risk factors associated with various diseases, increased independence and overall improvent in the quality of life.

Question 6

In response to regular resistance training, _____.

A) Older men and women demonstrate similar or even greater strength gains when compared with younger individuals.

B) Younger men have greater gains in strength than older men.
C) Younger women have greater gains in strength than older women.
D) Younger men and women demonstrate similar or greater strength gains compared with older persons.

Answer 6

A. Older men and women demonstrate similar or even greater strength gains when compared with younger individuals.

Muscle strength peaks in the mid-20s for both genders and remains fairly stable through the mid-40s.

Muscle strength declines by approximately 15% per decade in the sixth and seventh decades and by approximately 30% per decade thereafter.

However, older men and women demonstrate similar or even greater strength gains when compared with younger individuals in response to resistance training.

These strength gains are related to improved neurologic function and, to a lesser extent, increased muscle mass.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about confidentiality is NOT correct?

A) All records must be kept by the program director/manager under lock and key.
B) Data must be available to all individuals who need to see it.
C) Data should be kept on file for at least 1 yr before being discarded.
D) Sensitive information (e.g., participant’s name) needs to be protected.

Answer 7

C. Data should be kept on file for at least 1 yr before being discarded.

There is no accepted minimal or maximal amount of time that data should be stored. Clearly, however, data must be stored in a confidential (lock-and-key) manner and discretion must be used when sharing data.”

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes capital budgets?

A) Include the costs of equipment and building or facility expense
B) Include the costs to operate a program
C) Are not necessary with fitness programs
D) Are included as part of the balance sheet in financial reports

Answer 8

A. Include the costs of equipment and building or facility expense

Capital budgets refer to the budgeting of program implementation or facility.

How much does it cost to start the program and to implement first stage.

Usually includes equipment, facility expense, staffing, initial marketing and so on in the start up.

Question 9

Emergency procedures and safety planning should address which of the following?

A) Injury prevention
B) Basic principles for exercise training
C) Metabolic calculations
D) Common exercise scenarios

Answer 9

A. Injury prevention

Injury prevention often is overlooked, but it is an important part of a facility’s emergency procedures and safety program.

All exercise professionals should understand how to avoid emergencies.

Basic principles for exercise training are important for general day-to-day operations but not for emergency procedures.

Question 10

What is the most appropriate action in assisting a person having a seizure?

A) Hold the person down so that he or she does not hurt himself or herself.
B) Do not restrain the person but be sure that he or she is in a safe area.
C) Place a wedge in the person’s mouth so that he or she does not swallow the tongue.
D) Ignore the person and allow the seizure to pass.

Answer 10

B. Do not restrain the person but be sure that he or she is in a safe area.

Most people having seizures display convulsing actions. With a convulsing seizure, the safest action is to not restrain the person and to let the convulsion pass.

It is not safe to hold the person down or try to wedge anything into the victim’s mouth.

Make the area safe for the person by clearing any objects that he or she may contact.

Question 11

Within a skeletal muscle fiber, large amounts of calcium are stored in the _____.

A) Nuclei
B) Mitochondria
C) Myosin
D) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Within skeletal muscle fibers, the endoplasmic (sarcoplasmic) reticulum is particularly well developed so that it can store large amounts of calcium.

When the motor neuron excites the membrane (sarcolemma) of the fiber, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which triggers the fiber to twitch or contract.

Question 12

“The amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute is referred to as _____.

A) Stroke volume

B) HR

C) CO (Cardiac Output)
D) End-diastolic volume”

Answer 12

C. CO

Under resting conditions, CO, the amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute, is 5 L · min−1. As described previously, CO is a function of stroke volume multiplied by HR.

In an untrained person, CO can increase to 25–30 L · min−1 during maximal effort exercise.

In a well-trained endurance athlete, maximal CO can be as high as 35–40 L · min−1, during maximal effort exercise.

Question 13

A male client is 42 yr old. His father died of a heart attack at age 62 yr. He has a consistent resting BP (measured over 6 wk) of 132/86 mm Hg and a total serum cholesterol of 5.4 mmol · L−1. Based on his CAD (Coronary artery disease) risk stratification, which of the following activities is appropriate?

A) Maximal assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness without a physician supervising
B) Submaximal assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness without a physician supervising
C) Vigorous exercise without a prior medical assessment
D) Vigorous exercise without a prior physician-supervised exercise test

Answer 13

B. Submaximal assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness without a physician supervising

The patient has only one risk factor, hypercholesterolemia, with total serum cholesterol >5.2 mmol · L−1.

He is, however, classified as “older” for exercise purposes because he is older than 40 yr of age.

Consequently, it is recommended that he should have medical clearance and an exercise test before engaging in vigorous exercise and that a physician should supervise any maximal assessment of cardiorespirartory fitness.

Question 14

The definition of cardiorespiratory fitness is _____.

A) The maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort
B) The coordinated capacity of the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and tissue metabolic systems to take in, deliver, and use oxygen
C) The ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal contractions
D) The functional ROM about a joint

Answer 14

B. The coordinated capacity of the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and tissue metabolic systems to take in, deliver, and use oxygen

The maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort is the definition of muscular strength.

The ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal contractions is the definition of muscular endurance.

The functional ROM about a joint is the definition of flexibility.

The coordinated capacity of the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and tissue metabolic systems to take in, deliver, and use oxygen is the definition of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Question 15

The primary effects of chronic exercise training on blood lipids include?

A) Decreased TG (tri-glycerides) and increased HDL (High density lipoprotein)
B) Decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
C) Decreased HDL and increased LDL
D) Decreased total cholesterol and increased HDL

Answer 15

A. Decreased TG and increased HDL

Chronic exercise training has its greatest benefit on lowering TG and increasing HDL.

Changes in total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol are influenced more by dietary habits and body weight than by exercise training.

Question 16

“A transient deficiency of blood flow to the myocardium resulting from an imbalance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply is known as?

A) Infarction
B) Angina
C) Ischemia
D) Thrombosis

Answer 16

C. Ischemia

Myocardial ischemia occurs when the oxygen supply does not meet oxygen demand resulting from decreased blood flow to the myocardium.

This is usually owing to atherosclerotic lesions reducing blood flow or coronary artery spasm, both of which are the result of atherosclerosis.

The process often leads to angina (symptoms) or MI caused by a thrombosis

Question 17

Special precautions for patients with hypertension include all of the following EXCEPT?

A) Avoiding muscle strengthening exercises that involve low resistance
B) Avoiding activities that involve the Valsalva maneuver
C) Monitoring for arrhythmias in a person taking diuretics
D) Avoiding exercise if resting SBP is >200 mm Hg or DBP is >115 mm Hg

Answer 17

A. Avoiding muscle strengthening exercises that involve low resistance

Low-resistance, muscle-strengthening exercises can be performed by those diagnosed with hypertension if they follow appropriate lifting techniques and avoid the Valsalva maneuver. In addition, hemodynamic parameters (HR and BP) and medications should be controlled.

Question 18

A 62-yr-old, obese factory worker complains of pain in his right shoulder on arm abduction; on evaluation, decreased ROM and strength are noted. You also notice that he is beginning to use accessory muscles to substitute movements and to compensate. These symtoms indicate?

A) A referred pain from a herniated lumbar disk
B) Rotator cuff strain or impingement
C) Angina
D) Advanced stages of multiple sclerosis

Answer 18

B. Rotator cuff strain or impingement

The subdeltoid bursa, supraspinatus muscle, and nerves become impinged between the coracoid and acromion process with shoulder abduction. The resulting pain leads to decreased ROM, disuse, and muscle atrophy. Such impingement of the rotator cuff is common in assembly line workers performing repetitive overhead tasks.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding cool-down is FALSE?

A) The emphasis should be large muscle activity performed at a low-to-moderate intensity.
B) Increasing venous return should be a priority during cool-down.
C) The potential for improving flexibility may be improved during cool-down as compared with warm-up.
D) Between 1 and 2 min are recommended for an adequate cool-down.

Answer 19

D. Between 1 and 2 min are recommended for an adequate cool-down.

The primary purpose of cool-down is to increase venous return, and this is accomplished by low-intensity, large-muscle activity.

This type of activity also aids the removal of lactic acid.

Evidence of an effective cool-down is an HR of <100 bpm and a SBP within 10 mm Hg of preexercise levels. Between 5 and 10 min will allow these changes to occur and provide time for some attention to flexibility exercises.

The potential for improving flexibility is increased when the body is warm and the muscles and connective tissue are more pliable as is the case after (vs. before) exercise.

Question 20

A personal trainer should modify exercise sessions for participants with hypertension by?

A) Shortening the cool-down to <5 to 10 mins
B) Eliminating resistance training completely
C) Prolonging the cool-down
D) Implementing high-intensity (>85% of heart rate reserve [HRR]), short-duration intervals

Answer 20

C. Prolonging cool-down

A prolonged cool-down of 5–10 min will enhance venous return and the hypotensive effects that are associated with many antihypertensive medications.

Question 21

The Health Belief Model assumes that people will engage in a given behavior, such as increasing their level of daily activity, when _____.

A) There is a perceived threat of disease.
B) There is the belief of susceptibility to disease.
C) The risk of disease is nonthreatening to the individual.
D) Only A and B of the above.

Answer 21

D. Only A and B of the above.

The Health Belief Model assumes that people will engage in a given behavior, such as increasing daily levels of activity, when there is a perceived threat of disease, a belief that they are susceptible to disease, and that the threat is severe.

The individual will take action depending on whether the benefits of the activity outweigh the barriers.

Self-efficacy (self-confidence) also plays a major role of the Health Belief Model.

Question 22

A 35-yr-old woman reduced her caloric intake by 1,200 kcal · wk−1. How much weight will she lose in 26 wk?

A) 8.9 lb
B) 12.0 lb
C) 26.0 lb
D) 34.3 lb

Answer 22

A. 8.9 lb
No metabolic formula is needed. The steps are as follows:
a. Multiply the number of calories per week she is eliminating by the number of weeks:

1,200 kcal · wk−1 × 26 wk =
31,200 total kcal

b. Now divide by 3,500 to get the total pounds she will lose:

31,200 ÷ 3,500 total kcal = 8.9 or about
9 lb over 26 w

Question 23

From question 97, how much weight will she lose in 26 wk if she integrated a 1-mi walk three times per week into her weight loss program?

A) 3 lb
B) 6 lb
C) 11 lb
D) 15 lb

Answer 23

C. 11 lb

See page 977 (ACSM Resource book)

No metabolic formula is needed. The steps are as follows:
a. One mile of walking or running expends about 100 kcal. Because she walks 1 mile three times per week, she expends about 300 kcal · wk−1. Multiply 300 kcal by 26 wk to determine the total amount of calories she expends by walking:

300 kcal · wk−1 × 26 wk = 7,800 kcal

b. Divide 7,800 kcal by 3,500 to see how many pounds of fat this represents:

7,800 kcal ÷ 3,500 = 2.22 lb or about 2 lb

So she would lose about 11 lb (9 lb from question 22 + 2 lb from adding the walking) over 26 wk if she incorporated walking into her weight loss program.

Question 24

This metabolic syndrome includes dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, elevated BP, and what other component?

A) Amenorrhea
B) Laxative use
C) Abdominal obesity
D) 25.0 BMI

Answer 24

C. Abdominal obesity

Abdominal obesity is the major component of the metabolic syndrome and is a better predictor of CAD. Amenorrhea is part of the Female Athlete Triad. Laxative use is common in bulimia.

Note: Dyslipidemia is an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g. cholesterol and/or fat) in the blood

Question 25

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding an informed consent?

A) The informed consent is not a legal document.
B) The informed consent does not provide legal immunity to a facility or individual in the event of injury to an individual.
C) Negligence, improper test administration, inadequate personnel qualifications, and insufficient safety procedures are all items that are expressly covered by the informed consent.
D) The consent form does not relieve the facility or individual of the responsibility to do everything possible to ensure the safety of the individual.

Answer 25

C. Negligence, improper test administration, inadequate personnel qualifications, and insufficient safety procedures are all items that are expressly covered by the informed consent.

Negligence, improper test administration, inadequate personnel qualifications, and insufficient safety procedures are all items that are expressly NOT covered by the informed consent.

The informed consent is also not a legal document; it does not provide legal immunity to a facility or individual in the event of injury to a person and it does not relieve the facility or individual of the responsibility to do everything possible to ensure the safety of an individual.