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Personal endings
-ō/m, -s, -t
-mus, -tis, -nt
How to form the Imperative
Singular = infinitive without the final “re.”
For plural add “te.” For the plural third conjugation, the theme vowel “e” shifts to “i.”
emperor, commander (in chief), general, ruler
imperator, imperatoris
N (3rd) M
Pontifex Maximus
N (3rd) M
high priest
war, warfare, combat
bellum, belli
N (2nd) N
drive, urge, conduct, act
ago, agere, egi, actus
V (3rd)
Rules for forming the imperative
Remove “re” from second principal part for the singular.
Add “te” for the plural. For the third conjugation plural the remaining “e” shifts to “i.”
sick person, invalid, patient
aeger, aegri
N (2nd) M
say, speak, tell
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus
V (3)
eat
edō, edere, ēdī, ēsum
flowers
flōrēs
woman/women
mulier/mulierēs
How do we indicate that what follows is a question?
Attaching the enclitic particle “-ne” to the first word.
put, place, put aside, put away
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum
V (3rd) TRANS
Be well, fare well
valē (sing.), valēte (pl.)
sell
vendō, vendere, vendidī, venditus
conquer
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus
wine
vīnum
Cut, cut down, slay, slaughter
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum
What does the Indicative Mood spell out
Facts
How is the Subjunctive Mood used?
Exhortations
Purpose
Indirect questions
For actions that are:
Unreal
Circumstantial
Hypothetical
Possible
Hoped for
Results
Potential
be made, come into existence, become, happen
fio, fierī, factus, sum
V SEMIDEP
cease, desist, stop
dēsinō, dēsinere, desīī
learn
disco, discere, didicī, discitus
V (3rd) TRANS