1 Flashcards
(45 cards)
the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Constantinople
was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.
Henry the navigator
An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492. He had sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, under the patronage of the king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, hoping to find a westward route to India.
Christopher Columbus
a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
Conquistadors
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
Hernan Cortes
was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI, who was Spanish, was the Pope at the time of the treaty.
Treaty of tordesillas
was a colony and a part of the Portuguese Empire. … On September 7, 1822, the country declared its independence from Portugal and it became the Empire of
Brazil
was a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
The Colombian exchange
the procuring, transporting, and selling of human beings as slaves, in particular the former trade in African blacks as slaves by European countries and North America.
The slave trade
German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds
Martin Luther
was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
King of England (1509-1547) who succeeded his father, Henry VII. He established the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy (1534) after divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the first of his six wives, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church.
Henry Vlll
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598)
Philip ll of Spain
n Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603)
Elizabeth l
A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
Thirty years war
was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (“Roundheads”) and Royalists (“Cavaliers”) principally over the manner of England’s governance. … The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
English civil war
was a British politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Robert Walpole
King of France (1643-1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies.
Louis XIV
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)
Peter the great
king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; brought Prussia military prestige by winning the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War (1712-1786)
Frederick the Great
is the study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, comets, gas, galaxies, gas, dust and other non-Earthly bodies and phenomena. …
Astronomy
was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution
Isaac Newton
was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”
John Locke
were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, __________ were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.
Philosophes
