2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. … The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.
Beginning the industrial revolution
was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe. In this lesson, learn the timeline, causes, effects and major inventions that spurred this shift in production.
The agricultural revolution
Industries of the industrial revolution
Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution, and mechanized factories, powered by a central water wheel or steam engine, were the new workplace
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
The Bourgeoisie
also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. … In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones.
The second industrial revolution
was a philosopher, author, social theorist, and an economist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. … Ironically, _______ was eloquent in describing the exploitation of the working class while personally failing to maintain a job for a significant period of time.
Karl Max
German socialist leader and political philosopher, in England from 1849. He collaborated with Marx on The Communist Manifesto (1848) and his own works include Condition of the Working Classes in England (1844) and The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)
Karl Engels
the class of industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live
The Proletariat
was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.
The congress of Vienna
is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. … ___________ seek to preserve a range of institutions such as religion, parliamentary government, and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity.
Conservatism
was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of _________ to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.
The Concept of Europe
the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu. … _______ started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution. The 19th century saw _________ governments established in nations across Europe, South America and North America.
Liberalism
is an ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation,, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations, with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland.
Nationalism
In 1832, Parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. It was known as the _______________. This was a response to many years of people criticising the electoral system as unfair. … In 1831, the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill, but the House of Lords, dominated by Tories, defeated it.
The Great Reform Bill
were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history.
The year of revolutions
was Emperor of the French from 1852 until the Monarchy was dissolved for good in 1870. ___________ in military uniform. He would be the last monarch to rule the people of France.
Napoleon III
was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848). The session was held from 18 May 1848 to 31 May 1849, in the Paulskirche at __________ am Main.
The Frankfurt Parliament
stemmed from Russia’s threat to multiple European interests with its pressure of Turkey. … In September 1854 the allies landed in the _______, planning to destroy Sevastopol and the Russian Fleet in six weeks before withdrawing to Turkey.
The Crimean war
was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in …
The unification of Italy
the uniting of East and West Germany in 1990 after they had been separated since 1945. This followed the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and then the collapse of the East German government.
The unification of Germany
a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
Realpolitik
queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901)
Queen Victoria
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.
Social Darwinism
British sovereignty in India.
The Raj
