1. Abiotic Disorders

Question 1

nonliving

Answer 1

abiotic

Question 2

plant ailment caused by nonliving, environmental, or man-made agents

Answer 2

abiotic disorder

Question 3

leaf of fruit drop induced by hormonal changes

Answer 3

abscission

Question 4

having a pH less than 7.0

Answer 4

acid

Question 5

state or quality of being acid

Answer 5

acidity

Question 6

disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time

Answer 6

acute

Question 7

process that occurs in the presence of oxygen

Answer 7

aerobic

Question 8

having a pH greater than 7.0

Answer 8

alkaline

Question 9

substances produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants; may adversely affect the growth and development of other plants

Answer 9

allelochemicals

Question 10

the influence, usually detrimental, of one plant on another, by the release of chemical substances

Answer 10

allelopathy

Question 11

process that occurs in the absence of oxygen

Answer 11

anaerobic

Question 12

pertaining to living organisms

Answer 12

biotic

Question 13

irregularly shaped necrotic area on leaf, stem, or fruit

Answer 13

blotch

Question 14

whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll: often caused by nutrient deficiency

Answer 14

chlorosis

Question 15

disorder of disease occurring or recurring over a very long period of time, typically multiple growing seasons

Answer 15

chronic

Question 16

closely or firmly packed or joined together

Answer 16

compaction

Question 17

pertaining to plant nutrition, lack or insufficient quantity of a required element

Answer 17

deficiency

Question 18

loss of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological, chemical, or mechanical means (as opposed to natural shedding)

Answer 18

defoliation

Question 19

salt or salt mixtures of various compounds used to melt or prevent the accumulation of ice on roadways and paths

Answer 19

deicing salts

Question 20

severe drying out; dehydration

Answer 20

desiccation

Question 21

condition in which the branches in a tree die from the tips toward the main stem

Answer 21

dieback

Question 22

abnormal condition that impairs the performance of one or more vital functions; often associated with noninfectious agents or abiotic factors

Answer 22

disorder

Question 23

waste material such as sewage or liquid industrial refuse that is discharged into the environment

Answer 23

effluent

Question 24

abnormal growth of plants resulting in malformed leaves, stems, or flowers, sometimes flattened or fused in appearance

Answer 24

fasciation

Question 25

(1) symptom in which leaves on a branch wilt and may ultimately turn brown without falling from the shoot; (2) growth form of trees growing in strong winds, characterized by the branches growing toward the down-wind side

Answer 25

flagging

Question 26

vertical split in the wood of a tree, generally near the base of the bole, caused by internal stresses and low temperatures; does not usually lead to failure

Answer 26

frost crack

Question 27

root that encircles all or part of the tree trunk or the tree's other roots, constricting the vascular tissue and inhibiting secondary growth and the movement of water and photosynthates

Answer 27

girdling root

Question 28

plant tissue that is acclimated to the cold or a new environment

Answer 28

hardened off

Question 29

genetically determined ability of a plant to survive winter growing conditions; often referring specifically to low temperatures

Answer 29

hardiness

Question 30

leaf tissue between the veins of vascular bundles

Answer 30

interveinal tissue

Question 31

essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S)

Answer 31

macronutrient

Question 32

pertaining to the edge or border of leaves

Answer 32

marginal

Question 33

essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B)

Answer 33

micronutrient

Question 34

combination of events or conditions that accelerate decline and, if left untreated, may cause the eventual death of a tree; spiral of decline

Answer 34

mortality spiral

Question 35

localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism

Answer 35

necrosis

Question 36

displaying necrosis

Answer 36

necrotic

Question 37

substance that provides nourishment essential for the growth and maintenance of life, in plants, often used synonymously with "essential element"

Answer 37

nutrient

Question 38

condition in which the supply or availability of an essential element causes cessation of critical plant processes, resulting in visible, physical symptoms such as chloritic leaves or necrotic margins, and which, if left untreated, will reduce tree health and may eventually lead to premature death

Answer 38

nutrient deficiency

Question 39

condition in which certain essential elements are present in excessive amounts, negatively affecting plant processes

Answer 39

nutrient toxicity

Question 40

term to describe a compound that is poisonous to plants

Answer 40

phytotoxic

Question 41

browning and shriveling of foliage, especially at the leaf margin

Answer 41

scorch

Question 42

disorder that develops after a plant is stressed by a primary one

Answer 42

secondary disorder

Question 43

physical evidence of a casual agent (e.g. insect eggs, borer hole, grass, mycelium, fruiting body)

Answer 43

sign

Question 44

discrete, localized, and usually small necrotic area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower, or fruit

Answer 44

spot

Question 45

speckled or dotted areas in which chlorophyll is absent on foliage

Answer 45

stippling

Question 46

growth reduction of plants or plants parts

Answer 46

stunting

Question 47

injury to bark and cambium caused by a combination of a radiant energy from light and insufficient moisture in the plant

Answer 47

sunburn

Question 48

injury to bark tissues on the trunk and branches caused by rapid changes in temperature, especially on warm days and cool nights in the winter

Answer 48

sunscald

Question 49

potential for infection and/or injury from exposure to a biotic an abiotic factor

Answer 49

susceptibility

Question 50

plant reaction to a disease or disorder (e.g., spot, wilt, dieback)

Answer 50

symptom

Question 51

(1) when referring to a substance: moving through an organism after absorption; (2) when referring to a condition, disease, disorder, or pest: affecting the entire organism

Answer 51

systemic

Question 52

pertaining to plant nutrition, excessive quantities of an element or other chemicals where excessive quantities or wrongs applied concentrations cause damage

Answer 52

toxicity

Question 53

darkening of the xylem or phloem of woody plants in response to disease, insect boring, or injury

Answer 53

vascular discoloration

Question 54

loss or turgor and subsequent drooping of leaves and young stems; a symptom

Answer 54

wilt

Question 55

specific to conifers and broad-leaved evergreens; when soil freezes and moisture cannot be absorbed through the roots and/or transported through the trunk, the foliage dies and becomes brown and reddish brown

Answer 55

winter burn

Question 56

injury from cold winter temperatures

Answer 56

winter kill

Question 57

drought-tolerant plant

Answer 57

xerophyte