Biology Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Leaf or fruit drop induced by hormonal changes
A
Abcission
2
Q
A
3
Q
Area at the base of the petiole, small branch or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf flower or fruit drop
A
Abscission zone
4
Q
Fine roots with functional root hairs that are responsible for the uptake of water and minerals
A
Absorbing roots
5
Q
Taking up
A
Absorption
6
Q
Arising peripherally from parts of the root or stem and having no connection to meristems or existing buds
A
Adventitious
7
Q
The influence, usually detrimental of one plant on another by the release of chemical substances
A
Allelopathy
8
Q
A
9
Q
Structure and composition of plants and other living organisms
A
Anatomy
10
Q
Plant with seeds born in an ovary consists of two large groups, monocotykedons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants)
A
Angiosperm
11
Q
Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of plants
A
Anthocyanin
12
Q
Having to do with the tip of a leaf, stem, or root
A
Apical
13
Q
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot
A
Apical bud
14
Q
Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form
A
Apical control
15
Q
Growing point in buds at the tips of shoots and roots
A
Apical meristem
16
Q
Plant hormone that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants; produced at sites where cells are dividing primarily in the shoot tips, auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced
A
Auxin
17
Q
Movement of water, minerals, or Photosynthates longitudenally within a tree
A
Axial transport
18
Q
Bud in the axil of a leaf; lateral bud
A
Axillary bud
19
Q
Undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium usually as the result of wounding
A
Callus
20
Q
layer of meristematic cells that give rise outward to the phloem and inward to the xylem, which results in secondary growth of stems and roots
A
Cambium
21
Q
Chemical compound, combining carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a proportion of C2HOCH20 that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis and derived from assimilates
A
Carbohydrate
22
Q
Colorless, gas soluble in water used by green plants to make carbohydrate steering photosynthesis. CO2
A
Carbon dioxide
23
Q
Yellow, orange, or red pigment often responsible for those colors and some parts of trees and other plants
A
Carotenoid
24
Q
Long chain in soluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants
A
Cellulose
25
Specialized organelle found in some cells. site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
26
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms
Compartmentalization
27
Reaction wood in gymnosperms and some angiosperms that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in loadbearing
Compression Wood
28
Section perpendicular to the axis of longitudinal growth
Cross-section
29
Plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced
Cytokinins
30
The process of decomposition
Decay
31
Tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually
Deciduous
32
Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions
Differentiation
33
Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring
Diffuse porous
34
Bud originally developed in a leaf axil and connected to the pith by a bud trace that has not been stimulated to mature and grow some buds remain dormant throughout the life of the woody plant
Dormant bud
35
Shoot a rising from a dormant bud or from newly formed adventitious tissue
Epicormic shoot
36
Outer tissue of leaves, stems roots, flowers, and seeds
Epidermis
37
Minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their lifecycle without them.
Essential elements
38
Gaseous plant hormone that triggers fruit ripening and plant senescence
Ethylene
39
Group of plant hormones involved in cell elongation and other physiological processes
Gibberellins
40
Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross-section of the stem branches and roots of some trees in temperate zones. The rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
Growth rings
41
Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomate due to a change in water pressure with cells
Guard cells
42
Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones, the classes Ginkgopsisa and Coniferapsida are members of the group
Gymnosperm
43
Central wood, in a branch or stem, characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistance to decay, generally darker and harder than outer sap, wood trees may not have heartwood
Heartwood
44
Region of the stem between two successive nodes
Internode
45
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem
Lateral bud
46
Small opening in the bar that permits the exchange of gases
Lenticel
47
Process in which secondary cell walls are formed, making cell wall, sticker, and stronger by deposition of lignin
Lignification
48
Organic substance that impregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell and at times to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage
Lignin
49
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. found in the root tips, buds, cork cambium, and latent buds
Meristem
50
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of plants
Mycorrhizae
51
Point on a stem from which leaves branches and aerial roots are attached
Node
52
Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential
Osmosis
53
Thin-walled living cells, capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of defense compounds
Parenchyma cells
54
Outer layers of tissue of woody, roots, and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it such as bark
Periderm
55
The very outer portion of the bark that often exfoliates in plates or peels as it sheds from the tree
Phellem
56
The inner portion of the outer bark generated by the cork cambium that stores energy and may photosynthesize
Phelloderm
57
Meristematic tissue located in the bark that generates the phelloderm on the inside and the phellem the outside; cork cambium
Phellogen
58
Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthesis and growth regulators situated on the inside of the bar just outside the cambium; its bidirectional
Phloem
59
Length of daylight and/or darkness required for certain developmental processes, and growth and plants
Photoperiod
60
General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
Photosynthate
61
Process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
62
Influence of light on the direction of plant growth, tendencies of plants to grow toward light
Phototropism
63
In arboriculture, the study of the life function of a tree
Physiology
64
Plant pigment that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light (specifically, red and far red) plays a role in plant responses to light
Phytochrome
65
Central core of a stem, often a lighter color than surrounding tissue
Pith
66
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants; may be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic
Plant growth regulator
67
Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affect physiological processes, such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substances point of origin
Plant hormone
68
Root and stem growth and length; occurs in apical and lateral meristems
Primary growth
69
Lateral movements of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem
Radial transport
70
Parenchyma tissue that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense
Ray
71
Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity
Reaction wood
72
In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen
Respiration
73
Soil area immediately adjacent to, and affected by, plant roots; typically has a high level of microbial activity
Rhizosphere
74
Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood
Ring porous
75
Group of cells protecting the apical meristem at the root tip
Root cap
76
Modified epidermal cells of a root that absorb the majority of water and minerals
Root hairs
77
Outer wood (xylem) that has living cells that are active in longitudinal transport of water and solutes
Sapwood
78
Increase in root and stem, girth or diameter; occurs at lateral or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots
Secondary growth
79
Phloem produced to the exterior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth
Secondary phloem
80
Xylem produced to the interior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth
Secondary xylem
81
Process of aging; process proceeding leaf drop in deciduous plants
Senecence
82
Senescence
83
Long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms
Sieve cells
84
Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthetic transport; exist only in angiosperms
Sieve tube elements
85
Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces
Sink
86
In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates; most green parts are sources because the presence of chlorophyll is indicative of photosynthesis, including mature leaves, and green bark
Source
87
Small apertures between two guard cells predominantly on the underside of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged in water loss is regulated
Stomata (stomates)
88
Entire mass of protoplasm of all the cells in a plant, interconnected by plasmodesmata
Symast
89
Form of reaction would in angiosperms that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees
Tension wood
90
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot; apical bud
Terminal
91
Group of cells with similar structure that have a special function
Tissue
92
Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and is adapted for the support and transport of water and elements
Tracheid
93
Water vapor loss, primarily through the stomata of leaves
Transpiration
94
Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as gravity or light
Tropism
95
Distention in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents
Turgor
96
Protrusions of psrenchyma cells that enter and block adjacent xylem cells when those cells become inactive or injured
Tyloses
97
Lateral meristem from which secondary xylem and secondary phloem originate
Vascular cambium
98
Phloem and xylem, the parts of a tree that conduct water and minerals or organic compounds
Vascular system
99
Tissue that conducts water or nutrients
Vascular tissue
100
Tube-like, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
Vessels
101
Hard, fibrous, inner part of tree trunks, branches, and stems; the secondary xylem of seed plants
Wood
102
Lignified, differentiated tissue produced on woody plants as a response to wounding
Woundwood
103
Main water- and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants; provides structural support; arises from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying
Xylem
