Biotic Disorders

Question 1

One of a number of separate plants of certain obligate, pathogens, i.e. rust fungi, or insects, e.g. adelgids, on which successive life stages develop

Answer 1

Alternate host

Question 2

Disease caused by a fungus, that induces expanding, spreading necrosis of leaves and succulent, shoots and produces asexual spores in small blister like fruiting bodies called acervuli

Answer 2

Anthracnose

Question 3

One of a large group of invertebrates with joined appendages, segmented, bodies and exoskeletons, e.g. insects, mites, and spiders

Answer 3

Anthropod

Question 4

Minute, usually single-celled organisms having a cell wall, but no organized nucleus and reproducing by fission. Some species are plant pathogens.

Answer 4

Bacteria

Question 5

Insect of order Coleoptera that feeds and reproduce in galleries produced in the inner bark and bark sapwood interface of trees

Answer 5

Bark beetle

Question 6

Pertaining to living organisms

Answer 6

Biotic

Question 7

Disorder caused by a living organism

Answer 7

Biotic disorder

Question 8

Any disease or disorder, regardless of the casual agent that rapidly kills flowers, leaves or young stems that are than typically retained i.e. not shed by the plant

Answer 8

Blight

Question 9

Irregularly shaped necrotic area on leaf stem or fruit

Answer 9

Blotch

Question 10

Any of several insects that tunnel into wood, potentially causing severe damage, usually the larvae of certain moths and beetles

Answer 10

Borer

Question 11

Discrete localized usually necrotic area on stems roots and branches, often sunken and discolored most canker diseases require laboratory, isolation and microscopic examination to positively identify

Answer 11

Canker

Question 12

Larvae of insects in the order of Lepidoptera

Answer 12

Caterpillar

Question 13

Biotic or abiotic agent that induces a disease or disorder

Answer 13

Casual agent

Question 14

Insect with mouthparts adapted for feeding by chewing e.g. beetles, caterpillars

Answer 14

Chewing insect

Question 15

Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll often caused by nutrient deficiency

Answer 15

Chlorosis

Question 16

Disorder or disease occurring or recurring over a very long period of time typically multiple growing seasons

Answer 16

Chronic

Question 17

Conceptual model explaining development of specific recognizable disorders, resulting from interaction of predisposing inciting and contributing factors that act in succession over a prolonged period of time resulting in progressive deterioration in tree health

Answer 17

Decline disease

Question 18

Loss of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological chemical or mechanical means as opposed to natural shedding

Answer 18

Defoliation

Question 19

Result of interaction over time of a pathogen or abiotic agent with a susceptible host in a conducive environment to interfere with one or more physiological functions or structures

Answer 19

Disease

Question 20

Combination of factors involved in development of a disease

Answer 20

Disease complex

Question 21

Conceptual model showing three factors required for plant disease, susceptible host, pathogen, or abiotic agent and a conducive environment

Answer 21

Disease triangle

Question 22

Downward, twisting curling, or bending of a leaf blade or shoot that may result from disease or herbicide injury

Answer 22

Epinasty

Question 23

Mites in the family Eriophyidae; typically smaller than other mites requiring higher magnification to see and often inducing development of leaf galls

Answer 23

Eriophyid mites

Question 24

Fecal material and or wood, dust or shavings produced by insects

Answer 24

Frass

Question 25

Reproductive structure of a fungus that usually develops in diseased tissues. The presence of certain species may indicate decay in a tree mini fruiting bodies are small and can only be seen with a hand lens and require microscopic examination to determine the species of fungus present.

Answer 25

Fruiting body

Question 26

Heterotrophic parasitic or saprophytic absorptive organism from the kingdom, fungi, including yeast molds that form mushrooms, or cons the smuts and rusts, usually multicellular and filamentous fungi, lack the chlorophyll and vascular tissue of plants and reproduce asexually or sexually to form spores often born in various types of fruiting bodies

Answer 26

Fungus (plural fungi)

Question 27

Abnormal plant structure that develops in the cells, tissues or organs of a plant only when it is colonized by certain parasitic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mites, or insects

Answer 27

Gall

Question 28

Complex of tunnels, created by insects in plant tissues for feeding reproduction and sheltering. The pattern created by galleries can sometimes be used for pest identification.

Answer 28

Galleries

Question 29

Exudation of sap, gum, or resin often in response to disease or insect damage

Answer 29

Gummosis

Question 30

An animal that feeds primarily on plants

Answer 30

Herbivore

Question 31

Sugary substance excreted by certain insects, including aphids, and some scales when feeding on plants

Answer 31

Honeydew

Question 32

Capable of being spread from plants to result in infection of other plants or organisms

Answer 32

Infectious

Question 33

Presence of a pest population on a host plant or group of plants

Answer 33

Infestation

Question 34

Part of a pathogen that may enter the host or germinate to produce a structure that enters the host to cause disease

Answer 34

Inoculum

Question 35

Substances, man-made or naturally occurring in insects that affect growth and development of insects

Answer 35

Insect growth regulators

Question 36

Stage of growth between molts of an immature insect (larva)

Answer 36

Instar

Question 37

Immature life stage of an insect between the egg and the pupa stage

Answer 37

Larva (pl. larvae)

Question 38

Type of insect with a larva stage that feeds between leaf surfaces

Answer 38

Leafminer

Question 39

Local area of diseased or damaged tissue

Answer 39

Lesion

Question 40

Series of stages that complete the life of an organism resulting in reproduction

Answer 40

Life cycle

Question 41

One of multiple phases in the growth and development of an organism

Answer 41

Life stage

Question 42

Small, sap sucking, scale-like insect coated with a white powdery wax

Answer 42

Mealybug

Question 43

Biological transformation in the lifecycle of an organism going from an immature to an adult stage

Answer 43

Metamorphosis

Question 44

A flowering green plant that penetrates and parasitize is the vascular system of a tree. Two distinct groups are the dwarf and the leafy mistletoes.

Answer 44

Mistletoe

Question 45

A small often minute Arthropod in the class of Arachnida that may feed on plants, other mites or insects

Answer 45

Mite

Question 46

In insects and other Anthropod part of the metamorphosis process in which the old cuticle of the exoskeleton is shed after a new cuticle is formed

Answer 46

Molting

Question 47

Network or mass of filamentous cells (hyphae) that make up the vegetative body and fruiting bodies of a fungus

Answer 47

Mycelium

Question 48

Localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism

Answer 48

Necrosis

Question 49

Small often, microscopic unsegmented roundworm. Many are beneficial organisms, but some feed on plant tissues to cause disease or spread viruses

Answer 49

Nematode

Question 50

Immature form of an insect with incomplete development, resembling a smaller version of the adult without wings

Answer 50

Nymph

Question 51

Laying of eggs by insects

Answer 51

Oviposition

Question 52

Organism living in or on another living organism during its immature stage killing sterilizing and or consuming the host

Answer 52

Parasitoid

Question 53

Casual agent of disease usually refers to microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, fungus, or virus

Answer 53

Pathogen

Question 54

Organism, including weeds, insects, bacteria, or fungi that is damaging noxious or a nuisance

Answer 54

Pest

Question 55

A biological stage of development of an organism that may be associated with other biological events, such as insect hatching or plant flowering

Answer 55

Phenological stage

Question 56

Chemical substance produced by an animal, usually in reference to insects that serves as a method of communication with other individual individuals of the same species

Answer 56

Pheromone

Question 57

Bacteria like phloem inhabiting microorganisms without a cell wall or organized nucleus that cause yellow diseases and plants

Answer 57

Phytoplasmas

Question 58

Insect with mouth parts adapted for feeding by piercing soft tissues, and sucking fluid contents

Answer 58

Piercing/sucking insect

Question 59

Tubular structures formed on the bark around insect entrance holes can be made of resin, boring dust, and/or frass, usually associated with conifers

Answer 59

Pitch tubes

Question 60

Disease caused by fungi of the order Erysiphales that produce mycelium and conidia on leaves to form a white powdery or fuzzy appearing coating on the leaf surfaces

Answer 60

Powdery mildew

Question 61

Transformative stage for insects with complete metamorphosis between the larval and adult stages; stage at which adult morphology is acquired

Answer 61

Pupa (pl. pupae)

Question 62

Disease caused by fungi of the order Pucciniales and characterized by fruiting bodies that produce often bright yellow to orange or reddish brown spores on foliage, stems or fruits, and may induce formation of stem galls

Answer 62

Rust

Question 63

A type of woodpecker that makes rows of holes, usually horizontal embark of trees

Answer 63

Sapsucker

Question 64

Insect or other pest that frequently develops on a plant stressed and weakened by another factor

Answer 64

Secondary pest

Question 65

Snake -like form associated with leaf mines and certain borer galleries

Answer 65

Serpentine

Question 66

Physical evidence of a casual agent, e.g. insect eggs, borer hole, mycelium, fruiting body

Answer 66

Sign

Question 67

Fungus that appears as a black coating on the surface of leaves, branches, fruits, and other surfaces, resulting from deposits of sugary excrement from aphids and scale insects

Answer 67

Sooty mold

Question 68

Minute reproductive or propagative unit of a fungus which can be formed from asexual reproduction or sexual combination or cell division

Answer 68

Spore

Question 69

Discrete localized, and usually small necrotic area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower or fruit

Answer 69

Spot

Question 70

Speckled or dotted areas in which chlorophyll is absent on foliage

Answer 70

Stippling

Question 71

A growth reduction of plants or plant parts

Answer 71

Stunting

Question 72

Plant reaction to a disease or disorder e.g. spot, wilt, dieback

Answer 72

Symptom

Question 73

Type of perennial canker, appearing as a series of concentric rings, each of which represents a year’s growth of the pathogen and tree response tissue around the colonized area

Answer 73

Target canker

Question 74

Darkening of the xylem or phloem of woody plants in response to disease, insect boring or injury

Answer 74

Vascular discoloration

Question 75

Disease caused by xylem colonizing pathogens that interfere with water transport in induce loss of turgor and rigidity of leaves or young stems

Answer 75

Vascular wilt

Question 76

In pathology, biotic or abiotic agent that transmits a pathogen

Answer 76

Vector

Question 77

Any animal with a backbone. mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, or amphibians

Answer 77

Vertebrate

Question 78

Ultramicroscopic nonliving infectious agent that can replicate only in living cells of other organisms. Numerous viruses caused diverse symptoms of different tree parts.

Answer 78

Virus

Question 79

Plant disorder, characterized by a shortening of the internodes and a proliferation of terminal shoots, forming a dense brush like massive twigs

Answer 79

Witch’s Broom

Question 80

A group of plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas that often induce chlorosis and stunting or other morphological abnormalities

Answer 80

Yellows