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A micro ANA II (theory) > 1. Blood and hematopoiesis > Flashcards

1. Blood and hematopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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2
Q

How can blood participate in transport?

A
  • Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the lungs and rest of the body
  • Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body
  • Waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys
  • Hormones to their target cells
  • Heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature
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3
Q

How can blood participate in protection function?

A
  • Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer cells
  • Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances
  • Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimize blood loss
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4
Q

How can blood participate in regulation?

A
  • pH by interacting with acids and bases
  • Water balance by transferring water to and from tissues
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5
Q

3 main elements of the blood

A
  1. Red blood cells (erythrocyte)
  2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
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6
Q

Compare the sizes of RBCs, WBCs & Platelets (from large to small)

A

Red blood cells (4-6 million/mm3)

> Platelets (250 000-400 000/mm3)

> white blood cells (5000-9000/mm3)

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7
Q

2 types of White blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  1. Agranulocytes - mononuclear
  2. Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear
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8
Q

2 subtypes of Agranulocytes - mononuclear (WBCs category)

A
  1. Lymphocytes (20-30%)
  2. Monocytes (3-8%)
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9
Q

3 subtypes of Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear (WBCs category)

A
  1. Neutrophils (60-70%)
  2. Eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. Basophils (0,5-1%)
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10
Q

What are the 2 staining steps for blood smears?

A
  1. May-Grünwald solution (methanol - fixative, methylene blue - basic dye, eosin - acidic dye)
  2. Giemsa solution (azure - basic dye, eosin - acidic dye)
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11
Q

Composition of May-Grünwald solution

A
  • methanol - fixative
  • methylene blue - basic dye
  • eosin - acidic dye
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12
Q

Composition of Giemsa solution

A
  • azure - basic dye
  • eosin - acidic dye
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13
Q

What does acidic dye stain?

A

red blood cells, granules of eosinophils

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14
Q

What does basic dye stain?

A

cell nuclei, granules of basophils, RNA of the cytoplasm

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15
Q

Does the RBCs have nuclei?

A

No

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16
Q

Does the RBCs have organelles?

A

No

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17
Q

Shape of RBCs?

A

Biconcave

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18
Q

Lifetime of RBCs?

19
Q

What type of of staining is RBC plasma? Why?

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A

eosinophil plasma (proteins, 95% hemoglobin)

20
Q

What is Anemia?

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A

a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. ( The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is, therefore, decreased. )

21
Q

Approximate size and lifetime of platelets

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A
  • size: 2-3 μm
  • lifetime: 7-11 days
22
Q

What is the composition of platelets?

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A
  1. granulomer (dense staining, tubules, dense granules)
  2. hyalomer (microtubules, filaments)
23
Q

Functions of platelets

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A

blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

24
Q

Platelets have the function of blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

→ How can cytoplasmic constituents be related to these functions?

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A
  • α –granules (clotting factors, PDGF growth factors, platelet factor 4, fibronectin, von Willebrandfactor), δ – granules (serotonin, histamine, ADP-, ATP, calcium), λ –granules ( lysosomal enzymes)
  • microtubules and filaments (actin, myosin)
  • canalicular system (exocytosis of granules)
25
Are **White blood cells (leukocytes)** transient in blood?
Yes
26
White blood cells (leukocytes) use the bloodstream as a \_\_\_\_
vehicle for transport to specific sites
27
White blood cells (leukocytes) regularly leave the blood through the wall of (1)\_\_\_\_\_(2t) to enter (2)\_\_\_\_(3t)
1. capillaries and venules 2. the connective tissues, lymphatic tissues and bone marrow.
28
Functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)
recognition and elimination of pathogen microorganisms, infected cells, unknown molecules, outside agents
29
Identify this cell. → 2 characteristics of this cell
* *Neutrophil granulocytes** * *(polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polimorphs)**
30
Identify
Barr body condensed - X chromosome
31
Characteristics of nucleus of **Neutrophil granulocytes**
segmented nucleus
32
Do **Neutrophil granulocytes** have specific affinity for acid or basic dyes?
No
33
2 **Functions of neutrophils**
* **first response of acute inflammation** * **phagocytosis (specific granules:** antibacterial agents, lysosim, collagenase, alkaline phosphatase**, azurophilic granules:** eg. myeloperoxidase, lysosomal enzymes, lysosim, defensins)
34
Which form of neutrophil is this?
Matured form with **mature nucleus: 3-5 lobes connected by threads of chromatin**
35
Which form of neutrophil is this?
Band neutrophils with **band nucleus: elongated, it is not divided into segments**
36
What is the difference between band neutrophils and matured neutrophils?
* **mature nucleus: 3-5 lobes connected by threads of chromatin** * **band nucleus: elongated, it is not divided into segments**
37
What does **left shift** of neutrophils mean?
•**left shift: increased number of immature granulocytes (mainly neutrophil band forms) indicating acute inflammation, an infection in progress**
38
What type of cell is this?
**Eosinophil**
39
What type of cell is this?
**Eosinophil granulocytes**
40
Size and life span of **Eosinophil granulocytes**
* **size (diameter) : 12-17 μm** * **life span 6 days (at least)**
41
Function of eosinophil granulocytes
**fighting viral infections / parasites, acting as mediator of allergic responses, removal of fibrin, phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes**
42
What does centre of the eosinophil granules contain?
crystalline body containing **major basic protein (MBP)** cytotoxicmolecule
43
What does matrix of granules contain?
RNase, phospholipase, histaminase, arylsulphatase, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived **neurotoxin** (EDN)

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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