21. Inner coat of the eyeball, retina. Development of the eye

Question 1

Development of the eye
-> What happen during 5th week?

Answer 1

Eye will form a double-layerd eye cups
(inside retina pars nervosa, outside pigment epithelium - stratum pigmentosum)

Ocular cup stalk directs the optic nerve out of the retina towards the diencephalon

Question 2

Development of the eye
-> 5th week
-> Eye will form ___

Answer 2

a double-layerd eye cups
(inside retina pars nervosa, outside pigment epithelium - stratum pigmentosum)

Question 3

Development of the eye
-> 5th week
-> Ocular cup stalk directs the optic nerve out of the retina towards ___

Answer 3

the diencephalon

Question 4

Characteristics of Macula lutea

Answer 4

• 4mm temporal to the disc n. optici
• Carotoids in outer segments → yellow
• Free from large vessels

Question 5

Characteristics of fovea centralis

Answer 5

place of sharpest vision
INL and GL are thinner
Large cone density

Question 6

Characteristics of Fovea

Answer 6

Only CONES (slim)
Avascular

Question 7

DISTRIBUTION OF THE RETINA, TOPOGRAPHY
-> Identify

Answer 7

Question 8

PARS OPTICA RETINAE
-> List the layers

Answer 8

Question 9

Identify these cells in the retina

Answer 9

Question 10

Name these 2 ways

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the Vertical flow of information?

Answer 11

I: Photoreceptor
-> II: Bipolar cells
-> III: Ganglionic cells

Question 12

Lateral flow of information

Answer 12

• Between photoreceptors: horizontal cell
• Between bipolar cells: amacrine cell

Question 13

Lateral flow of information

Answer 13

• Between photoreceptors: horizontal cell
• Between bipolar cells: amacrine cell

Question 14

What type of epithelium is STRATUM PIGMENTOSUM?

Answer 14

Single-layered cuboidal epithelium

Question 15

What are the 3 characteristics of STRATUM PIGMENTOSUM?

Answer 15

1. Modified basal membrane in the direction of the choroid = Bruch’s membrane
2. Associated with zonules accludentes (blood-retina barrier)
3. Direct photoreceptors: Microvilli (containing pigments, light absorption)

Question 16

PHOTORECEPTORS OF THE RETINA
-> Identify

Answer 16

Question 17

What does SYNAPTIC LAYER– STR. PLEXIFORME EXTERNUM contain?

Answer 17

1. Cones
2. Rods
3. Ribbon Synapses

Question 18

SYNAPTIC LAYER– STR. PLEXIFORME EXTERNUM
-> Characteristics of cones

Answer 18

1. invaginating synapses (triad, 2 horizontal, 1 bipolar)
2. flat synapses (bipolar)
3. Gap junctions (between Photoreceptors)

Question 19

SYNAPTIC LAYER– STR. PLEXIFORME EXTERNUM
-> Characteristics of rods

Answer 19

invaginating synapses (2 Horizontal, 1-3 Bipolar)

Question 20

STR. GRANULOSUM INTERNUM
-> List the cells

Answer 20

Question 21

SYNAPTIC LAYER – STR. PLEXIFORME INTERNUM
-> Synaptic layer between ___ and ____

Answer 21

Between Bipolar cells, Amarkin cells AND ganglionic cells
(Synaptic Dyads: Bipolar cells)

Question 22

GRANULAR LAYER – STR. GANGLIONARE
-> Name 4 types of cells

Answer 22

1. Ganglia cells
2. Midget cells
3. Parasol Ganglion cells
4. Other ganglion cells

Question 23

GRANULAR LAYER – STR. GANGLIONARE
-> What is the role of Ganglic cells

Answer 23

Ganglic cells → CGL (lateral geniculate nucleus (Cgl).)
In the direction of the macula in several rows

Question 24

GRANULAR LAYER – STR. GANGLIONARE
-> The role of Midget cells

Answer 24

Connection to 1 cone Bipolar → CGL Pars parvocellularis Where? (general properties, movement

Question 25

GRANULAR LAYER – STR. GANGLIONARE -> The role of Other ganglion cells

Answer 25

background exposure, pupillary reflex “Displaced Amacrine Cells”

Question 26

GRANULAR LAYER – STR. GANGLIONARE -> The role of Parasol Ganglion cells

Answer 26

- Contributes to many bipolar (convergence) - parasol ganglion cells contribute to the primary visual pathway via the magnocellular division of the lateral geniculate nucleus What? (subtleties, contrast, color)

Question 27

STR. NEUROFIBRARUM OR MEMBRANA LIMITANS INTERNA -> What are characteristics of Str. neurofibrarum

Answer 27

1. Axons of ganglion cells 2. Non-myelinated nerve fibers

Question 28

STR. NEUROFIBRARUM OR MEMBRANA LIMITANS INTERNA -> What are characteristics of Lamina limitans interna

Answer 28

1. Extensions of Müller cells 2. Lamina basalis

Question 29

Blood supply of Str. plexiforme ext.

Answer 29

Branches from the Art. centr. retinae reach only to the OPL.

Question 30

The outermost layers (photoreceptors) are supplied by ___

Answer 30

diffusion from the choroid.

Question 31

Branches from the Art. centr. retinae reach only to the OPL. -> The outermost layers (photoreceptors) are supplied by diffusion from the choroid. -> Photoreceptors are therefore particularly at risk in ___

Answer 31

retinal ablation.

Question 32

A. ophthalmica → ____ → A. temporalis sup., inf.

Answer 32

A. centralis retinae

Question 33

V. Centralis retinae → ___

Answer 33

v. ophthalmica or sinus cavernosus