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A micro ANA II (theory) > 8. Brain tracts, neurotransmitters, neuronal circuits, “connectomics” Structure of the cerebral cortex > Flashcards

8. Brain tracts, neurotransmitters, neuronal circuits, “connectomics” Structure of the cerebral cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

Composition of CNS

A

cortical lamination + nucleus

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2
Q

Composition of PNS

A

ganglion

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3
Q

What type of cells are included in Nervous system?

A

principal cells (pyramidal neuron in the cerebral cortex); and interneurons/local circuit cells

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4
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • colocalisation / coexpression
  • co-release OR co-transmission
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5
Q

What does gray (grey) matter include?

A

neurons and supporting cells within the CNS

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6
Q

What does cortex include?

A

laminar structure composed of gray matter, covering the surface of the cerebrum and the cerebellum

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7
Q

What does nucleus include?

A

deep gray matter within the CNS

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8
Q

What does white matter include?

A

axonal masses within the CNS (arising from neurons)

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9
Q

What is tract (pathway)?

A

a specific collection of axons running together aiming often for the „same” target

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10
Q

What is SYNAPSE?

A

Communication between neurons - SYNAPSE

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11
Q

What is volume transmission?

A

Non-synaptic transmission

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Excitatory amino acids (EAA)
  2. Cholinergic system
  3. Biogenic amines
  4. Inhibitory amino acids
  5. Neuropeptides
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13
Q

Name 8 majors neurotransmitters

A
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14
Q

What is allocortex?

A

Gray matter with less than 6 layers

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15
Q

What does allocortex include?

A
  1. Paleopallium (rhinencephalon)
  2. Archipalleum (archiotex)
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16
Q

Name 6 layers of neocortex

A
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17
Q

What are the 2 neuronal cell types of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Principal cells (80%)
  2. Interneurons (20%)
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18
Q

NEURONAL CELL TYPES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

Describe principal cells

A
  • Pyramidal cells (excitatory, GLU)
  • Projection neurons
  • Carry dendritic spines
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19
Q

Describe interneurons

A
  • Local circuit cells
  • Different subgroups (morphology, cotransmitters, function)
  • Most of them are inhibitory
  • Control neocortical network interactions
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20
Q

2 types of interneurons?

A
  1. Stellate (spiny neurons)
  2. Inhibitory interneurons
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21
Q

What are the 4 examples of inhibitory interneurons

A
  • neuroglioform cells
  • basket cell
  • chandelier cell
  • columnar arborization is apparent
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22
Q

3 types of glia

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendroglia
  3. Microglia
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23
Q

Myelin sheath of axons is produced by ___ (which type of glia?)

A

oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Small cells with processes

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25
When is microglia activated?
In case of CNS injury
26
This is PYRAMIDAL NEURON -> Identify
27
What is the true interneuron?
Neuroglioform neuron
28
Describe Neuroglioform neuron
* Rich, local axonal arbor * Many presnaptic terminal boutons * Small cell body * „volume transmission”
29
Descrobe basket neuron (a type of inhibitory interneurons)
* Long horizontal axon collaterals; * Rich basketlike terminals around the body of the pyramidal cells ; * Perisomatic inhibition (synchronous)
30
Describe Chandelier neuron
* Vertically oriented (candle like) terminals; * Terminate on the axon hillock of pyramidal neurons; * Perisomatic inhibition of several pyramidal neurons to exclude overexcitation.
31
Describe Cells with columnar axon arborization
* Long, vertically oriented (horsetail-like) axon; * Disinhibition: the axon terminates on further inhibitory interneurons ; * Located on the edge of cortical columns – controls the activity pattern
32
Describe polarized cell that you can see in pyramidal neron
* Apical dendrite (dendritic spines) * Perikaryon * Basal dendrites * Axon (axon hillock) * Axon collaterals
33
3 types of projections of pyramidal neurons
* Commissural projections * Association projections * Long projections
34
Identify
35
Stellate neuron is frequently occuring interneuron -> T or F?
Stellate neuron
36
Stellate neuron is frequently occuring interneuron -> T or F?
Stellate neuron
37
Where can you find stellate neuron with excitatory or inhibitory functions?
1. Excitatory (somatosensory cortex) 2. Inhibitory (cerebellum)
38
3 layers that are main efferent projections of the cortex?
III. Outer pyramidal cell layer V. Inner pyramidal cell layer VI. Plexiform layer
39
What is the output of layer III. Outer pyramidal cell layer?
Cortico-cortical projections innverating layers 1 - 6
40
What is the output of layer V. Inner pyramidal cell layer?
1. Subcortical projections 2. Pyramidal tracts to motor neurons: spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei
41
What is the output of layer VI. Plexiform layer?
Cortico-thalamic projections
42
1 layer that is the main afferent projection of the cortex
IV. Inner granule cell layer
43
What is the input of layer IV. Inner granunle cell layer?
Specific thalamo-cortical inputs (innervate L5 pyramidal cells, directly or indirectly)
44
What is the organization and connections of cortical modules?
- Vertical and columnar orgnization - Internal connections - Columnar communication (further integration)
45
Width and thickness of cortical modules?
- Width: 200 - 300 µm - Thick as the cortex
46
Number of neurons per column
5000 neurons/column
47
What does the axis of cortical modules contain?
Cortico-cortical afferentes
48
What are the roles of inhibitory interneurons to the cortical modules?
They seal the column to prevent lateral spreading activity
49
What are the afferent pathways of cortical modules?
Other modules OR specific afferents from organs of special senses
50
What are the efferent pathways of cortical modules
Motor pathways OR towards other modules
51
What is barrel cortex?
Glutamatergic spiny stellate and star pyramidal cells (yellow) of layer 4 aggregate along the walls of a barrel in the cortex
52
What are the 3 places that you can find cortical connections?
1. Association fibers-within hemispheres 2. Commissural fibers-between hemispheres 3. Projections pathways-connections with non cortical structures
53
2 cortical connections that you can find in association fibers-within hemispheres
1. short and long arucuate fibers: connect nearby structures 2. Cingulum: connects different lobes
54
What are the cortical connections that you can find in commissural fibers-between hemispheres
1. Corpus callosum 2. Commissura anterior, posterior and fornicis
55
What are the 6 main projection pathways-connections with non-cortical structures?
1. In and output pathways 2. Reciprocal connections with thalamus 3. Reciprocal connections with the basal ganglia 4. Pyramidal tracts 5. Corticoponine tracts 6. Fornix (hippocampus-hypothalamus)
56
What are the 3 places that you can find cortical connections?
1. Association fibers-within hemispheres 2. Commissural fibers-between hemispheres 3. Projections pathways-connections with non cortical structures
57
What is the general pathway of ascending tracts - somatosensory system?
Receptor -> 1st neuron -> 2nd neuron -> 3rd neuron -> cerebral cortex
58
What does the receptor of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?
* Exteroceptor (pain, temperature, touch) * Proprioceptor (muscles, joints)
59
What is the 1st neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?
DRG
60
What is the 2nd neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?
Posterior horn
61
What is the 3rd neuron of ascending tracts - somatosensory system include?
Subcortical centres
62
Where can you find ascending tracts - somatosensory system on the brain?
* Spinobulbar tr * Ant. Spinothalamic tr * Lat. Spinothalamic tr * Ant. spinocerebellar tr * Post. Spinocerebellar tr * Spinotectal tr * Spinoolivary tr * Spinoreticular tr
63
What are the 3 roles of descending tracts - somatomotor system?
1. Voluntary and involuntary movements 2. Muscle tone 3. Reflexes
64
What is the general pathway of descending tracts - somatomotor system?
1st neuron - cortex, brainstem -> 2nd neuron - interneurons in anterior horn -> 3rd neuron - motorneurons in anterior horn -> Skeletal muscles, myotomes
65
What is the 1st neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?
Cortex, brainstem
66
What is the 2nd neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?
Interneurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord
67
What is the 3rd neuron of descending tracts - somamotor system?
Motorneurons of the anterior horn of spinal cord
68
What are the descending tracts of somamotor system on the brain? (9)
1. Ant & Lat corticospinal tr 2. Rubrospinal tr 3. Tectospinal tr 4. Med & Lat vestibulospinal tr 5. Reticulospinal tr 6. Olivospinal tr 7. Medial longitudinal fascicle
69
2 places that you can find intracerebral tracts
1. Limbic system 2. Basal ganglia
70
What are the 2 divisions of limbic system?
1. Cortical divisions 2. Subcortical divisions
71
What does cortical divisions include? (5)
1. Orbitofrontal cortex 2. Hippocampus 3. Insula 4. Cingulate gyrus 5. Parahippocampal gyrus
72
What does the subcortical divisions include? (4)
1. Amygdala 2. Olfactory bulb 3. Anterior thalamic nuclei 4. Septal nuclei
73
What are the 5 intracerabral tracts that you can find in the limbic system?
1. Alveus 2. Fimbira 3. Fornix 4. Mamillothalamic tract 5. Stria terminalis
74
What is the role of basal ganglia?
Control of voluntary and involuntary movements
75
What are the 4 components of basal ganglia?
 striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantita nigra
76
What are the 3 cortical areas?
1. Sensory areas 2. Motor areas 3. Association areas
77
2 characterstics of sensory areas (level, type of areas)
Primary sensory areas: 1st level areas in sensory processing
78
2 characterstics of motor areas (level, type of areas)
Primary motor area: final level in the hierarchy of motor execution
79
4 functions of association areas
1. Integration 2. Planning 3. Decision making 4. Memory storage
80
How many neocortical areas are there? (based on cytoarchitecture and function)
52
81
How many neocortical areas are there? (based on cytoarchitecture and function)
52
82
Name of this field and Brodmann areas
Primary somatosensory field (Brodmann (3,1,2)
83
Name of this field and Brodmann areas
Primary somatomotor field (Brodmann 4)
84
Name of this field and Brodmann areas
Praemotor field (Brodmann 6,8)
85
Name of this field and Brodmann areas
Broca’s motor speech area Brodmann 44, 45
86
Name of this field and Brodmann areas
Secondary + Tertiary visual fields (Brodmann 18,19)
87
Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)
Primary visual field Brodmann 17
88
Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)
Wernicke’s speech area Brodmann 39, 40
89
Name of this field and Brodmann area(s)
Auditory cortex Brodmann 41, 42
90
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the input of anterior part include? (2)
Wernicke’s area, infratemporal assoc. cort
91
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the output of anterior part include?
dorsolat. prefrontalis és premotoros kéreg
92
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What is the 4 main roles of anterior part?
* Association of hearing, seeing and talking * Store for signs, langauages, words * Sensorimotor control of writing * Formation of speech
93
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the input of superior part include? (3)
vision, touch, hearing (unimodal cortices)
94
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the output of superior part include? (3)
dorsolat. Prefrontal and premotor cortices
95
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What is the role of superior part?
Control of hand movements („usage”)
96
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the input of posterior part include? (2)
visual cortex, hippocampus
97
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What does the output of posteruir part include? (2)
dors. premotor area, FEF
98
Parietal multimodal associations cortex -> What are the 2 functions of posterior part?
* Spatial cognition * Navigation abilities („GPS”)
99
What is the ouput of temporal multimodal associations cortex?
prefrontal cortex
100
What are the 3 functions of temporal multimodal associations cortex?
1. Integration of visual auditory information 2. Recognition of (shape of) face, hand and objects 3. Memorization of people, names and faces
101
What is the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
* decision – working memory * planning of execution – motor program
102
What is the role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?
* recognition - understanding (comprehension) * Monitoring of the environment
103
What is the role of orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex?
* emotion, motivation * social behavior
104
What are the 3 functional cortical networks?
1. Resting state networkds 2. Central executive networkds 3. Salience network (SN)
105
The role of resting state networks (functional cortical networks)
Exploration, new ideas/thoughts, planning, remembering
106
What is the role of central executive networkds?
Motor executive systems
107
What is the salience network (SN)
Focus, selection, targeted activity, correction

A micro ANA II (theory) (31 decks)

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