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A Level PE AQA > 1 Energy Systems Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1 Energy Systems Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Adrenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The only usable form of energy in the body

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2
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The site where aerobic respiration takes place

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3
Q

The conversion of fuel into energy takes place in one of three pathways which are

A

Aerobic system
Anaerobic glycolytic system
ATP-PC system

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4
Q

What are the by-products of the aerobic system

A

Water
Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

The complete oxidation of glucose can produce how many ATPs (aerobic system)

A

38 (net 36)

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6
Q

The aerobic system has 3 stages which are

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electro transport chain

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

net 2 ATP for every glucose molecule

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8
Q

What happens to the pyruvate so it can move to the next stage of the system

A

The pyruvic acid is oxidised into two acetyl groups and is then carried into Kreb’s cycle by coenzyme A

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9
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

the two acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.

hydrogen is removed from the citric acid and the now rearranged form of citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation

the carbon forms carbon dioxide which is transported to the lungs and breathed out
the hydrogen is transported to the electron transport chain

the result of these reactions result in the production of 2 ATP molecules

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10
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

the hydrogen from the krebs cycle is carried to the electron transport chain by hydrogen carriers

the hydrogen splits into hydrogen and electrons and they are charged with potential energy

the hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water while the hydrogen electrons provide the energy to re-synthesise ATP

throughout this process 34 ATP are formed

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11
Q

Beta oxidation

A

when stored fat is broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids

the fatty acids then undergo a process called beta oxidation where it is converted to coenzyme a (the entry molecule for the krebs cycle)

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12
Q

3 Advantages of aerobic system

A

more ATP can be produced (36 molecules)

there are no fatiguing by-products

lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last for a long time

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13
Q

2 Disadvantages of aerobic system

A

Complicated system so cannot be used straight away.

It takes a while for enough oxygen to become available to meet the demands of the activity and ensure glycogen and fatty acids are completely broken down

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14
Q

Whats the fuel of the ATP-PC energy system

A

Phosphocreatine

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15
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

an energy rich phosphate compound that can be broken down quickly and easily to release energy and re-synthesise ATP

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16
Q

ATP-PC system

A

anaerobic process

re-sythesises ATP when the enzyme creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP

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17
Q

Equation for how PC releases energy

A

PC –> Pi + C + energy

this energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction

Energy –> + Pi + ADP –> ATP

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18
Q

For every PC how much ATP do you get

A

1 molecule of ATP

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19
Q

4 Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A

ATP can be re-synthesised rapidly

phosphocreatine stores can be-synthesised quickly

no fatiguing by products

possible to extend the time the atp-pc system can be utilised through use of creatine supplementation

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20
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A

there is only a limited supply of phosphocreatine in the muscle cell, only can last for 10 seconds

one mole of ATP can be re-synthesised for every mole of PC

PC re-synthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen or at rest

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21
Q

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

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A

an energy system that provides energy for high-intensity exercise and for longer than the atp-pc system (between 2-3 minutes)

22
Q

How does the anaerobic glycolytic system work?

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A

starts with anaerobic glycolysis

where PC stores are low and the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks down the glycogen into glucose and then further broken down into pyruvic acid by PFK where the product of this reaction is 2 ATP

the pyruvic acid is then further broken down LDH

23
Q

where does the anaerobic glycolytic system take place?

24
Q

Advantages of anaerobic glycolytic system

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A

ATP can be re-synthesised quickly due to very few chemical reactions
lasts longer than the ATP-PC system

in the presence of oxygen, lactic acid can be converted back into the liver glycogen or used as a fuel through oxidation into carbon dioxide and water

it can be used to produce an extra burst of energy

25
Disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system
lactic acid as the by-product means enzymes become denatured and prevents them from increasing the rate of reaction only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions
26
Duration each energy system lasts and their intensities
ATP-PC system depletes after 8-10 seconds of maximal intensity Anaerobic glycolytic system lasts between 2-3 minutes of repeated max intensity efforts Aerobic system 3 minutes + at a sub-maximal intensity
27
What is the energy continuum?
A term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities. Whether it is aerobic or anaerobic respiration depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise
28
How do slow twitch muscle fibres produce energy?
The main pathway for ATP production is in the aerobic system It produces the maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule (up to 36 ATP) Production is slow but these fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue
29
How do fast twitch muscle fibres produce energy?
The main pathway for ATP production is via the lactate anaerobic energy system ATP production in the absence of oxygen is not efficient only two ATP produced per glucose molecule Production of ATP this way is fast but cannot last for long as these fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue
30
Oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
31
VO2 max
The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
32
Sub-maximal oxygen deficit
When there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
33
EPOC
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time Fitter athletes recover much faster
34
Fast Component of EPOC
The restoration of ATP and phosphocreatine stores and the resaturation of myoglobin with oxygen Complete restoration of PC stores take 3 minutes and 30 seconds for 50%
35
Slow Component of EPOC
The oxygen consumed during the slow replenishment stage Involves the removal of lactic acid. During recovery which takes up to 2 hours lactate converts back to pyruvic acid - this then is oxidised into co2 and water which can then be used as an energy source.
36
Lactate threshold
The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
37
OBLA
The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre
38
Factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation
Exercise intensity Muscle fibre type Rate of blood lactate removal Respiratory exchange ratio Fitness of the performer
39
Why do elite sprinters have better anaerobic endurance than non elite sprinters?
Body is more tolerant of high levels of lactate meaning they can work at higher intensities for longer Muscles have adapted to training (incr mitochondria, higher capillary density and more myoglobin)
40
Factors affecting VO2 max (7)
Physiological (separate card for more detail) Training - can be improved 10-20% following period of aerobic training Genetics - inherent factors limit possible improvement Age - VO2 max declines with age Gender - Men have higher vo2 Body Composition - High body fat decreases vo2 mac Lifestyle - smoking, sedentary, poor diet and poor fitness can all reduce Vo2 max
41
Physiological factors that affect VO2 max
Incr max cardiac output, stroke volume/ejection fraction/cardiac hypertrophy Incr haemoglobin, red blood cells, mitochondria, aveoli surface area and lactate tolerance
42
Calorimetry
The calculation of heat in physical changes and chemical reactions
43
Indirect calorimetry
Measures the production of CO2 and/or the consumption of oxygen
44
Lactate Sampling
Taking a tiny blood sample and a handheld device analyses the blood and indicates how much lactate is present
45
Direct gas analysis
Measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired
46
Cycle Ergometer
A stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed
47
VO2 Max Test
Bleep test, 12 minute cooper run and Harvard Step test are all tests that indicate a persons VO2 max Direct gas analysis done on a treadmill, cycle ergometer or rowing machine provide more valid and reliable results
48
Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed
49
Altitude Training
Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where partial pressure of oxygen is lower 3 stages are aclimatisation, primary training and recovery Body produces EPO which increases red blood cell count Effects last for up to 14 days
50
HIIT
Short intervals of maximum intensity exercise followed by a recovery interval of low to moderate exercise
51
Plyometrics
Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase power
52
Speed, agility, quickness (SAQ)
Activities performed with maximum force at high speed, energy is provided anaerobically

A Level PE AQA (48 decks)

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