2.2 Principles and theories of learning and performance

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practise

Question 2

Cognitive stage of learning

Plus 2 characteristics

Answer 2

The first stage of learning used by a novice, Understanding and sub- routines are explored by trial and error

No motor programme and uncoordinated movement

Question 3

Associative stage of learning

Plus 2 characteristics

Answer 3

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother

Motor programme forming and smoother movement

Question 4

Autonomous stage of learning

Plus 2 characteristics

Answer 4

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific

Motor programme formed and has automatic control

Question 5

Feedback

Answer 5

Information to aid error correction

Question 6

Positive Feedback

Answer 6

Encouragement

Question 7

Negative Feedback

Answer 7

Error correction

Question 8

Extrinsic Feedback

Answer 8

From an outside source

Question 9

Intrinsic Feedback

Answer 9

From within

Question 10

Knowledge of Results

Answer 10

Concerns the outcome

Question 11

Knowledge of Performance

Answer 11

About technique

Question 12

Plateau

Answer 12

A period of no improvement in performance

Question 13

Explain the Learning Plateau graph

Answer 13

Stage 1 is where the rate of learning is slow and performance is poor (cognitive stage)

Stage 2 involves rapid acceleration of learning and begin to master the task (inbetween associate and autonomous)

Stage 3 involves hitting a plateau so there is no improvement (autonomous)

Stage 4 is where performance deteriorates (associative)

Question 14

Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

Question 15

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 15

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response (eg a trophy)

Question 16

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 16

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response (eg the coach stops shouting)

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from recurring (eg a red card)

Question 18

Insight Learning

Answer 18

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill

Question 19

Advantage and disadvantage to Insightful Learning

Answer 19

Allows the performer to learn new skills through experiencing the whole task
Performer is more creative and develop their own strategies

Time consuming (coach can just show them immediately)

Question 20

Observational Learning

Answer 20

Behaviour can be learned by watching and then copying other people

Question 21

ARMM

4 processes of Observational Learning

Answer 21

Attention - Making the demonstration attractive to the performer (more attractive ,more focus and more likely to copy)

Retention - Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it (then give a chance to practise)

Motor Production - Having the mental and physical ability to do the task (task at same ability of performer to allow success)

Motivation - Having the drive to do the task

Question 22

Social Development Theory

Answer 22

Learning by association with others

Question 23

Inter-psychological learning

Social Development Theory

Answer 23

Learning from others externally

Question 24

Intra-psychological learning

Social Development Theory

Answer 24

Learning from within gaining external knowledge from others

Question 25

Constructivism ## Footnote Social Development Theory

Answer 25

Building up in stages, based on current level of performance

Question 26

Zone of proximal development ## Footnote Social Development Theory

Answer 26

The next stage of learning based on the current level of performance

Question 27

Match the theories of learning with the Scientists

Answer 27

Observational Learning - Bandura Operant Conditioning - Skinner Insight Learning - Gestalts Social Development theory - Vygotsky

Question 28

Visual Guidance ## Footnote Definition and Pros and Cons

Answer 28

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration Good for all abilities Demonstrates whats required to do it well Demonstration has to be perfect Some skills are too complex

Question 29

Verbal Guidance ## Footnote Definition and Pros and Cons

Answer 29

An explanation Highlights key teaching points Makes the performer think Information overload Boring

Question 30

Manual Guidance ## Footnote Definition and Pros and Cons

Answer 30

Physical Support Good for beginners Develops correct feel Performer not actually doing it themselves Movements are different when someone is moving your body

Question 31

Mechanical Guidance ## Footnote Definition and Pros and Cons

Answer 31

An artificial aid Good for dangerous situations Allows them to gain feel Expensive Performer can rely on it too much