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Unit 1/2 Geography > 1- Geographical/ geological Hazards > Flashcards

1- Geographical/ geological Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of Earth

A

inner core
Outer core
mantle
crust

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2
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Thin (less than 5km)
More dense (cools quickly)
Subducts/ recycled (younger)

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3
Q

Continental crust

A

Thick (up to 100km)
Less dense (cools slower)
Not subducted therefore older

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4
Q

6 types of geological hazards

A

Earthquakes
Avalanche
Volcanic eruption
Landslide
Tsunami
Sinkhole

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5
Q

What causes plate movement?

A

Convection currents

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6
Q

Is convergent destructive or constructive?

A

Destructive

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7
Q

Is divergent constructive or destructive?

A

Constructive

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8
Q

Convergent (destructive)

A

A tectonic boundary where 2 plates are colliding. The thinner and more dense oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker, less dense continental plate. Oceanic plate is subducted

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9
Q

Divergent (constructive)

A

A tectonic boundary where 2 plates are moving away from each other, and new crust is forming from the rising magma.

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10
Q

Transform (preservative)

A

2 plates slide past each other. A fracture zone that forms at the boundary is known as a transform fault. Mostly found in ocean basin and connect offsets in mid-ocean ridge.

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11
Q

What is subduction?

A

To be drawn down into the hot mantle

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12
Q

Rift def.

A

A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where tectonic plates move apart, or rift ( divergent spreading)

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13
Q

What are hot spots? + e.g.

A

Some volcanoes are found far from tectonic plate boundaries. Magma, driven up from strong convection currents in the mantle, rises and erupts through weaknesses in the crust and forms volcanoes e.g. Hawaii

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14
Q

Volcano def.

A

A crack, fracture or vent in the Earth’s surface which allows magma (from Earth’s interior) to escape to the surface

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15
Q

Lava def.

A

The magma that erupts from the volcano

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16
Q

2 types of volcanic eruption

A

Explosive
Effusive

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17
Q

What is an effusive eruption?

A

An outpouring of lava without any significant eruption.

18
Q

Where does volcanic activity mostly occur?

A

On tectonic plate boundaries/ margins

19
Q

Earthquake def.

A

A sudden, violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movement within the Earth’s crust or volcanic action.

20
Q

Hazards caused by earthquakes

A

-ground shaking
-surface faulting
-landslides
-tsunamis
-rock avalanches
-rockfall
-property and infrastructure loss and damage

21
Q

What is an earthquake epicentre?

A

The place directly above an earthquake’s focus on the earth’s surface.

22
Q

How do we measure earthquakes?

A

Richter scale, 1-10, based on the size of seismic waves
(also Mercalli Intensity)

23
Q

3 main seismic belts

A

Circum-pacific seismic belt
Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt
Mid-Atlantic ridge seismic belt

24
Q

4 other causes of earthquakes

A

-volcanic eruptions
- landslides
- detonation of nuclear weapons

25
Q

Intraplate earthquakes

A

Within plates. Result of more localised systems

26
Q

Earthquake examples

A

Great East Japan Earthquake
Christchurch Earthquake

27
Q

Impacts of Christchurch earthquake

A

185 dead
Thousands of homes and buildings destroyed
Liquefication and silt
Costly repairs

28
Q

Location of Japan

A

East Asia
Pacific Ocean

29
Q

Japan as a place

A

Capital= Tokyo
Population= 126 million
4 Main islands, 4000 small islands
1500 earthquakes every year

30
Q

Subduction zone seismicity

A

Geographical and historical distribution of earthquakes.
Earthquakes occurring along subduction zones are more shallow and therefore more destructive.
Refers to seismic activity along subduction zones.

31
Q

Social impacts of Great East Japan Earthquake

A

20000 deaths
Trauma
Loss of homes and livelihoods

32
Q

Infrastructure impacts of GEJE

A

Nuclear power plants impacted
Homes, towns, cars, and boats swept away by tsunami
Roads buckled
Transport links e.g. trains shut down
Oil refinery exploded

33
Q

Technology used to respond to GEJE and tsunami

A

Seismic monitoring
Tsunami warnings
Shake-resistant buildings
Video footage to learn from
GPS mapping tools

34
Q

Influence of Japanese culture on disaster response

A

Community-based
Patience and generosity e.g. people voluntarily stopped using unnecessary electricity
Organized and no looting reported

35
Q

Examples of things that move in response to a disaster e.g. blankets

A

Blankets
Monetary aid
Fresh water
Canned food
Fuel
Medical personnel

36
Q

How big was the Boxing Day Tsunami?

A

9-9.1

37
Q

Where was the epicentre of the Aceh earthquake?

A

30 km under sea bed, 250 km south west of Aceh

38
Q

How many deaths from Aceh earthquake?

A

275,000

39
Q

Economic impacts of Aceh earthquake

A

US $9.9 billion in losses
US $14 billion raised internationally

40
Q

Env impacts of Aceh earthquake

A

4th largest earthquake ever recorded
Power 0f 23000 Hiroshima bombs
Tsunami waves caused mass destruction and salination of natural environments.

41
Q

Social impacts of Aceh earthquake

A

275000 people killed
141,000 homes destroyed

Unit 1/2 Geography (9 decks)

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