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Neuro Exam 2 > 1. Gross brain, brainstem & spinal cord > Flashcards

1. Gross brain, brainstem & spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is white matter? & What are other names for white matter?

A
  • collection of axons, many covered w/ myelin
  • Fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle & tract

(tracts: 2 part names: 1: location of cell bodies & 2: where they end up = tracts talk about multiple options of white matter)

(fasciculus & funiculus: referred to when talking about parts of along the tract)

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2
Q

What is grey matter?

A

area w/ neuronal/glial cells & dendrites

  • Nuclei: embedded combined cell bodies w/ similar fxn
  • Cortex: layers of grey matter over CNS (like cerebral & cerebellar cortices)
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3
Q

what are components of grey matter?

A

Nuclei: collection of cell bodies w/ common fxn

Cortex: layers of grey matter over other parts of the CNS

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4
Q

What are the different types of folds on the cerebral hemispheres cortical surface

A
  1. Gyrus: ridge of cortical tissue
  2. Sulcus: groove located btn gyri
  3. Fissures: deep sulci

fxn: increase total cortical area & number of cortical neurons

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5
Q

what are the 4 sulci that divide the cerebral hemisphere into 5 lobes

A

Central sulcus: divide frontal & parietal (used to help find motor and somatosensory cortex)

Lateral sulcus: divide frontal, parietal & temporal lobes

Parietooccipital sulcus: medial sulcus; divides parietal & occipital lobe

Cingulate sulcus: medial, along cingulate lobe

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6
Q

what are the two hemispheres joined by?

A

corpus callosum

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe

A

Laterally: lateral sulcus aka sylvian fissure (seperate from temporal lobe)

Medially: extend to cingulate sulcus

Posteriorly: top of central sulcus to cingulate sulcus

Inferiorly: continue as orbital part of frontal lobe

(overall: extend from frontal pole –> central sulcus)

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe

A

Superiorly: extend to lateral sulcus and line of inferior boundary of parietal lobe (collateral sulcus)

Posteriorly: line connecting top of parietooccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch (extend preoccipital notch toward corpus callosum)

Medially:

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe

A

Inferiorly: bound by lateral sulcus (imaginary continuation to posterior border)

  • bounded by subparietal & calcarine sulci (medially, inferiorly)

Anterior: frontal lobe

Posterior: parietooccipital sulcus

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10
Q

what are the boundaries of the occipital lobe?

A

Anterior: parietal & temporal lobe (lateral and medial sides)

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the limbic lobe

A
  • interposed btn corpus callosum & frontal, parietal & occipital lobe
  • curve around to medial surface

=strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon jxn

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12
Q

frontal lobe contains —-

A

motor areas

primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor areas

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13
Q

What is the precentral gyrus

A

lateral surface of frontal lobe (ant. to central sulcus)

= contains primary motor cortex

also contain: premotor & supplementary motor areas (make up part of frontal gyri too) ==> planning & initiating voluntary movements

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14
Q

what makes up the lateral surface of the frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus

superior, middle & inferior frontal gyri

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15
Q

What fxn is the broca’s area important for & where is it located?

A

Motor aspects of written & spoken language

(on one hemisphere usually left, on inferior frontal gyrus; part of opercular and triangular parts)

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16
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do

A

executive fxns; personality, decision making, insight & foresight

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17
Q

Which lobe contains somatosensory areas

A

parietal lobe (post-central gyrus & superior/inferior parietal lobules)

post. to central sulcus

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18
Q

Which gyrus is related to the primary somatosensory cortex? & what does this cortex do

A

postcentral gyrus

control processing tactile & proprioception fxn info, sensory localization

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19
Q

What is involved in language comprehension

A

inferior parietal lobule

(usually in only 1 hemisphere, likely left)

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20
Q

pariatel lobe contains——

A

sensory info

primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

What does the parietal cortex outside of the gyrus and lobules do?

A

spatial orientation & directing attn

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22
Q

How is the homunculus mapped?

A

= spatially distorted & reflects the amount of innervation involved in given area of the body

= somatotopic map = contralateral half of body mapped in postcentral gyurus

-applies to primary motor & somatosensory cortices

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23
Q

Which gyri make up the temporal lobe

A

superior, middle & infeiror temporal gyri

& inferior surface = occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

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24
Q

temporal lobe contains—-

A

auditory areas

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25
Q

What 4 fxns are associated with the temporal lobe

A
  1. superior: continuation of superior temporal gyrus = primary auditory cortex
  2. posterior (usually one hemisphere, likely left) : Wernicke’s area: comprehnsion of language
  3. inferior: higher order processing of visual info
  4. medial: learning & memory
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26
Q

where is Wernike’s area located

A

post. part of superior temporal gyrus; including supramarginal & angular gyri

27
Q

What are the limbic lobe fxns

A

made of cingulate & parahippocampal gyri (learning & memory)

hippocampus (learning & memory)

amygdala (fear & emotion)

=imp for emotional response, drive-related behavior & memory

28
Q

what is the uncus? what are possible complications that can occur with the uncus?

A

formed when the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus hooks backwards on itself (makes a medial bump)

-get stuck under dura & cause compression (esp in & around brainstem)

29
Q

what are the limbic structures

A

hippocampus: folded into temporal lobe at the hippcampal sulcus
amygdala: underneath the uncus
uncus: medial portion, end of parahippocampal gyrus that wraps around itself
also: cingulate & parahippocampalgyri

30
Q

Where can you locate the insula & what is its function?

A

pry open the lateral sulcus or remove the opercula - underneath frontal, parietal and temporal

outlined by the circular sulcus

taste

31
Q

what are the components of the occipital lobe

A

lateral: lateral occipital gyri

cuneus: wedge shaped btn parietooccipital and calcarine sulci

primary visual cortex: in the walls of the calcarine sulcus

remainder = visual association cortex (higher order processing of visual info)

32
Q

what does the diencephalon contain

A

thalamus (above hypothalamus = gateway for sensory info, except olfaction)

hypothalamus (behind optic chiasm = auntomoic controsl and direct “talk” to pituitary gland)

epithalamus

subthalamus

33
Q

where can you find the hypothalamus? & what are its fxns

A

behind optic chiasm; inrelation to pituitary gland (connect via infundibular stalk)

autonomic controls & direct interaxn with pituitary

34
Q

What does the basal nuclei contain & what is its fxn

A

= group of nuclei deep to cerebral cortex

Caudate Nucleus & Lentricular nucleus (subdivided into putamen & globus pallidus) & subthalamus

=control movement & moderation of movement

35
Q

what divides the lentricular nuclei & what does it contain

A

internal capsule: seperate lentricular nuclei from thalamus and caudate

=thick sheet of fibers - contain most of the fibers conntecting the cerebral cortex and deep structrues (thalamus, basal nuclei and brain stem)

36
Q

name the central white matter structures & list what they do

A
  1. arcuate fibers: connect cortical areas w/i sulci/gyri (close conections)
  2. longitudinal/association fasciculi: connect cortical area w/i same hemisphere (ie lobe to lobe)
  3. projection tracts: connect cortical area w/i other body region (ie corticospinal tract)
  4. corpus callosum: interconnect 2 cerebral hemisphere lobes - frontal, parietal and occipital (~ 250 mil axons)
  5. anterior commissure: comissural fibers to/from temporal lobe (esp inferior part)
37
Q

what are the limbs that white matter is divided into

how are these clinically relevent

A

anterior limb

genu

posterior limb

sublenticular limb

retrolenticular limb

  • contain vasculature: damage to blood supply can damage tract and cause adverse effects
38
Q

what are the parts of the brainstem & what is the overall fxn

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

cranial nerve fxn; convery info to/from forebrain

39
Q

describe the parts of the midbrain

A

houses the tectum of the midbrain

superior and inferior colliculi = paired bumps posterior to cerebral aqueduct

paired cerebral peduncles

40
Q

what are the parts of the pons

A

protuding basal pons

pontine tegmentum (part of floor of 4th ventricle)

41
Q

what are the parts of the medulla

A

rostral = open portion (has part of 4th ventricle)

caudal = closed portion (continous with sp. cord) - blends in w/ sp. cord

42
Q

what is the fxn of the cerebellum? & what are its components?

A

= sensory info processing & influences motor neurons (fine & fluid movements)

surface = transverse ridges, folia

lobes and lobules divided by fissures

white matter in medullary center: made of afferent/efferent fibers

43
Q

what are the parts of the post. horn of the sp. cord

A

substantia gelatinosa: region of grey matter that caps the horn

body: interneurons & projection neurons that transmit somatic & visceral sensory info

Lissauer’s tract - white matter btn substantia gelatinosa & surface of sp. cord

Clark’s nucleus (poterior thoracic nucleus)

44
Q

what is the path of the roots/rootlets of the spinal cord?

A

posterior rootlets enter via posteriolateral sulcus

& anterior rootlets leave via anterolateral sulcus

45
Q

what is Clark’s nucleus

A

= aka = posterior thoracic nucleus

cells on medial surface of base of post. horn (T1-L2)

-sensory & posture processing

= cerebellar feedback

46
Q

what is the fxn of the cells from the anterior horn

A

contain cell bodies of lower MNs (supply skeletal Ms)

-provide CNS control for voluntary/involuntary body movements

47
Q

what is the intermediate grey matter

A

= collection of various projection neurson, sensory interneurons & interneurons

  • Presynaptic sym neurons (T1-L3) in intermediolateral cell column = lateral horn (axon leave via ventral roots)

sacral parasym nucleus - S2-S4 (DOESNT form distinct lateral horn)

48
Q

Lamina I (marginal zone)

A

nucleus: Marginal zone
levels: All

some spinothalamic tract cells

(thin layer covering substantia gelatinosa)

49
Q

Lamina II

A

nucleus: substantia gelatinosa

all levels

modulate transmission of pain/temp info

50
Q

Lamina III - VI

A

Nucleus: body of post horn

all levels

sensory processing

51
Q

Lamina VII

A

Clark’s nucleus (intermediate gray matter & extensions into anterior horn) -> T1-L2

posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

intermediolateral column -> T1-L3 = preganglionic sym neurons

Sacral parasym nucleus: -> S2-S4 - preganglionic parasym neurons - pelvic viscera

52
Q

Lamina VIII

A

some of the interneuron zone of anterior horn

53
Q

lamina IX

A

Acessory nucleus: -> medulla - C5 - MNs to SCM & trapezius M

Phrenic nucleus: -> C3-C5 - MNs to diaphragm

54
Q

lamina X

A

zone of grey matter surrounding central canal

55
Q

how is information conveyed to CNS

A

primary afferents & lower MNs

primary afferents terminate in CNS on second-order neurons (sensory primary afferent = ipsilateral w/ few exceptions)

(lower MNs: info from CNS to skeletal M)

56
Q

what do second order neruons & third order neurons do?

A

2nd order: relay signal from primary afferent in spinal cord to thalamus (can cross midline of body) -

3rd order: relay signal to final target in cortical area = thalamus to upper corical areas (then cortex decides on given output)

57
Q

Name the ascending tracts & their fxn

A
  1. Posterior columns: ipsilat proprioceptive, tactile & vibratory info from body (NOT FACE)
  2. Spinocerebellar tracts: info to cerebellum, thalamus & motor cortex –> influence efficiency of motor activity
  3. Anterolateral system (ALS): pain, temp and nondiscriminative touch from body (NOT FACE)
58
Q

what are the results of cerebellar damage

A

abnormalitites of equalibrium, postural control & coorindation of voluntary movements

59
Q

Name the descending tacts & their fxn

A
  1. Corticospinal tract: controls voluntary, fine movement of Ms
  2. Vestibulospinal tract: influence MNs innervating primary axial & neck Ms
  3. Rubrospinal fibers: excite flexor MNs and inhibit extensor MNs
60
Q

what happens if you have damage in the postcentral gyrus/sulcus

A

problems with percieving sensations & proprioception

61
Q

what will happen if you have damage to the calcarine sulcus, cuneus &/or lingual gyrus?

A

some sort of vision impairment

-primary visual cortex in walls of calcarine sulcus & associated with cuneus, lingual gyrus

62
Q

What happens if you damage the basal nuclei or associated structures?

A

some sort of motor disorder

-Parkinsons, Huntingtons, dystonia, tremors, etc

63
Q

what may occur if you damage the cerebellum

A

abnormal equilibrium, postural control and coordination of voluntary movements

-decreased/lacking fine/fluid movements

(rmr it gets input from vestibular system for balance and posture)

Neuro Exam 2 (23 decks)

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