1. Haematology and Haemopoiesis Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
name 9 common haematological tests
A
- Full blood count
- blood films
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- plasma viscosity
- coagulation screen
- haematinic assays
- haemoglobin - variant detection
- molecular tesing
- Point of care tesing
2
Q
what 4 parameters are tested during a full blood count?
A
- WBC count
- RBC count
- platelet
- Mean cell volume of RBC
3
Q
what is HCT?
A
haematocrit - packed cell volume
4
Q
what 4 things are measured in haematinic assays?
A
- iron
- ferratin
- vitamin B12
- folic acid
5
Q
give 2 types of Hb-variant diseases
A
- sickle cell anaemia
2. thalassemia
6
Q
name for blood cell formation
A
haemopoiesis
7
Q
site of haemopoiesis in the 2 week embryo
A
yolk sac
8
Q
site of haemopoiesis in 12-16 week embryo
A
liver and spleen
9
Q
site of haemopoiesis at birth
A
BM of all bones
10
Q
site of haemopoiesis in adults
A
BM of only proximal long and flat bones
11
Q
which colour marrow is active and which is inactive
A
red = active yellow = inactive
12
Q
where are Bm biopsies normally done?
A
pelvis
13
Q
3 processes haemopoiesis (HP) involves?
A
- proliferation
- differentiation
- apoptosis
14
Q
3 components of blood
A
WBC, RBC, platelets
15
Q
function of WBC
A
prevention and recovery from disease
16
Q
function of RBC
A
carry oxygen
17
Q
function of platelets
A
blood clotting
18
Q
3 types of WBC
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
granulocytes
19
Q
what are granulocytes?
A
WBC that contain granules of enzymes in their cytoplasm
20
Q
3 types of granulocytes
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
21
Q
most numerous cell in the blood
A
RBC
22
Q
least numerous cell in blood
A
WBC
23
Q
survival of RBC
A
110-120 days
24
Q
shape of RBC
A
bi concave
25
3 functions of RBC
1. contain Hb
2. carry oxygen from lungs to tissue
2. carry co2 from tissues to lungs
26
which the most numerous WBC
neutrophil
27
how many lobes do each of these cells have
i) neutrophil
ii) eosinophil
iii) basophil
i) 3
ii) 2
iii) 2
28
which WBC is abundant in leukaemia?
basophil
29
how to differentiate between eosinophil and basophil?
eosinophil - orange granules
| basophil - black/blue azurophilic granules
30
which WBC fight against bacterial infections?
neutrophil and monocytes
31
WBC AKA pus cells?
neutrophil
32
what does eosinophils release in response to allergic reactions?
histamine
33
3 functions of eosinophils
1. allergy
2. hypersensitvity
3. parasites
34
which WBC are phagocytic?
neutrophils, monocytes
35
which WBC release heparin and proteases?
basophil
36
do lymphocytes have a lobed nucleus?
no lobed nucleus
37
describe nucleus shape of monocytes
U-shaped
38
which WBC fight viral infections
lymphocytes
39
precursor cell of macrophage
monocyte
40
function of platelets
primary haemostasis
| and initiate secondary haemostasis
41
structure of platelets
small discoid structure
42
survival of platelets
7-10 days
43
2 classes of growth factors which regulate HP and inhibit apoptois
1. interleukins
| 2. colony stimulating factors
44
what type of molecules are GF?
glycoproteins
45
4 sites of HP growth factor production
1. liver
2. kidney
3. stromal cells (CT)
4. T lymphocytes
46
name of cell which all blood cells develop from
haemopoietic stem cell
47
embryological origin of haemopoietic stem cell
mesoderm
48
where are haemopoietic stem cell located?
Bone marrow
49
haemopoietic stem cell is negative lineage specific - what does this mean?
it does not express any markers on its cell surface - therefore its exact phenotype is unknown
50
name for RBC production
erythropoiesis
51
8 steps in erythropoiesis
1. HCS
2. proerythroblast (pronormoblast)
3. early erythroblast
4. intermediate erythroblast
5. late erythroblast
6. nucleus extruded
7. reticulocyte
8. mature erythrocyte (RBC)
52
what hormone regulates erythropoiesis
erythropoietin
53
where is erythropoietin made?
kidney
54
describe basic physiology of erythropoietin
produced in response to low oxygen - causes more RBC to be made
55
describe histological reticulocytes colour
blue
56
what allows RBC to easily pass through capillary microtubules?
flexible biconcave shape
57
as RBC mature what do they lose?
nucleus - unable to produce enzymes
58
what 2 things does a RBC lose as it loses ability to produce enzymes
loss of flexibility
| loss of shape
59
where are RBC destroyed - 3?
BM, spleen, liver
60
which parts of the RBC are recycled?
protein, lipid, Fe
61
which parts of the RBC are exreted ?
Hb, bilirubin
62
which precursor cell are monocytes and granulocytes produced form?
common myeloid precursor cell
63
name for process of formation of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
granulopoiesis
64
what regulates production of neutrophils, monocytes and basophils?
IL3
65
what regulates production of granulocytes?
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
66
what regulates production of eosinophils?
IL5
67
6 steps of granulopoiesis
1. myeloblast
2. promyelocyte
3. myelocyte
4. metamyelocyte
5. band forms
6. mature granulocyte
68
name of process for the formation of monocytes?
monopoiesis
69
describe 5 steps in monopoiesis
1. monoblast
2. promonocyte
3. marrow monocyte
4. blood monocyte
5. tissue macrophage
70
name of process for the formation of lymphocytes?
lymphopoiesis
71
describe 5 steps in lymphopoiesis
1. lymphoblast
2. prolymphocyte
3. large lymphocyte
4. small lymphocyte
5. B/T cell
72
where are B+T cells produced?
BM
73
where do B and T cells mature?
B - bone marrow
| T - thymus
74
which interleukins regulate lymphopoiesis?
1,2,4,6,7
75
type of immunity B cells mediate
humoral
76
type of immunity T cells mediate
cell-mediated
77
how do B cells recognise pathogen
via cell-surface receptors (AB)
78
how do T cells recognise pathogen
APC
79
function of B cells
produce plasma cells to produce AB
80
5 types of T cell
```
Helper
memory
regulator
cytotoxic
natural killer
```
81
difference between large and small lymphocytes ?
large have more nucleus and less cytoplasm
small have more cytoplasm and less nucleus
82
process for platelet development
thrombopoiesis
83
which hormone regulated thrombopoiesis
thrombopoietin
84
what do platelets interact with on the inside of blood vessels to form an initial barrier?
von willebrands factor
85
platelet function -3
1. primary haemostasis
2. vasoconstriction
3. vessel repair
86
4 steps in thrombopoiesis
1. megakaryoblast
2. promegakaryoblast
3. megakaryocyte
4. platelet
87
platelets undergo endomitotic replication - what does this mean?
replication of DNA occurs without nuclear or cell division - each cell gets progressively larger
88
when platelets are formed - where are they discharged into?
BM
89
how is the platelet nucleus removed?
macrophage phagocytosis
90
in what state do platelets circulate in the blood?
dormant
91
where in the blood vessel do platelets travel?
at the edges
92
3 steps in primary haemostasis
1. activation
2. adhesion
3. aggregation
93
2 steps in secondary haemostasis
1. soluble fibrinogen formed into insoluble fibrin
| 2. fibrin intertwines with cellular components - forms thrombus
