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2=Haematology > 2. Anaemia > Flashcards

2. Anaemia Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

what gives Hb its red colour?

A

haem

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2
Q

2 components of Hb

A

globin + haem

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3
Q

how many polypeptide chains in Hb?

A

4

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4
Q

describe polypeptide composition of hb

A

2 x alpha
2 x beta
each chain has 1 iron chain

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5
Q

function of Hb

A

transport o2 from lungs to tissue

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6
Q

describe what happens to Fe when it releases oxygen

A

goes from Fe2+ to \fe3+

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7
Q

4 requirements for RBC to undergo gaseous exchange

A
  1. repeatedly pass through microcirculation
  2. come into close contact with tissues
  3. maintain Hb in reduced Fe2+ state
  4. maintain osmotic equilibrium
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8
Q

through which pathway do RBC generate ATP

A

embden-Meyerhof pathway

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9
Q

through which pathway do RBC generate reducing power as NADPH

A

hexose-monophosphate pathway

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10
Q

normal Hb range in males

A

130-170 g/l

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11
Q

normal Hb range in females

A

120-155 g/l

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12
Q

which protein transports Fe to develpoing RBC?

A

transferrin

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13
Q

how does Fe attach to the developing RBC?

A

transferrin receptors

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14
Q

iron is either stored as… (2)

A

haemosiderin or ferritin

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15
Q

what is 67% of iron stored as

A

ferritin

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16
Q

where is ferritin found

A

liver, BM, spleen, muscles

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17
Q

where is haemosiderin found

A

cells which do not ciruclate blood

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18
Q

average dietary intake of iron ?

A

10-15 mg

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19
Q

how much iron is absorbed through SI?

A

5-10%

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20
Q

which is more readily absorbed type of iron; animal or veg?

A

animal

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21
Q

where is iron lost?

A

menses, hair, nails, skin, urine, faeces

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22
Q

name 5 sources of dietary iron

A
  1. red meat - liver
  2. fish; salmon, tuna, sardines, pilchards
  3. veg and pulses
  4. cereal
  5. egg yolk
  6. wholemeal bread
  7. nuts and prunes
  8. marmite
  9. fortified foods
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23
Q

other name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

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24
Q

how is VB12 transported in the plasma?

A

bound to transcobalamin

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25
why is VB12 bound to transcobalamin?
prevent acid degradation
26
VB12 acts as a coenzyme for which 2 biochemical reactions?
1. methylation of homocystiene into methionine | 2. methylmalomyl coenzyme A into succinyl CoA
27
what 2 processes is VB12 needed for?
1. myelin production | 2. DNA synthesis for RBC
28
what occurs in DNA synthesis for RBC if VB12 is deficient?
1. erythrocytes are in maturation arrest | 2. no reticulocytes produced
29
normal dietary intake of VB12
10-15 mcg
30
where is VB12 stored
liver
31
how much VB12 is stored in the liver
enough for 2-4 yrs
32
where and how is VB12 absorbed?
it attaches to intrinsic factor (which is secreted by the stomach) both are aborbed by ileum
33
3 ways VB12 is lost
urine, faeces, bile
34
name 5 sources of VB12
1. liver 2. heart 3. clams 4. oysters 5. red meat 6. eggs 7. fortified foods 8. milk 9. cheese 10. kidney 11. seafood 12. yoghurt
35
other names for folic acid?
VB9, folate, pteroglutamic acid
36
can humans synthesis VB9?
no
37
what can VB9 be destroyed by?
heat
38
where is VB9 absorbed?
jejunum
39
which 3 small intestine diseases is VB9 common in/
chrons, coeliac, tropical sprue (malabsorption)
40
how long do the bodys stores for VB9 last for?
3m
41
2 MAIN roles of VB9
1. biochemical reactions | 2. production of new cells
42
which 3 biochemical reactions if VB9 involved in?
1. homocysteine into methionine 2. serine into glycine 3. synthesis of DNA precursors
43
name 5 dietary sources of VB9
1. liver 2. leafy greens (spinach) 3. turnip 4. lettuce 5. beans 6. peas 7. breakfast cereals 8. fruit (banana, melon, lemon)
44
name 6 tissue abnormalities associated with VB9/VB12
1. cleft lip 2. spina bifida 3. sterility 4. morphological abnormalities of cervix/bladder 5. reversible melanin pigmentation 6. CVD + malignant disease
45
how is anaemia classified?
by the size of RBC (mean cell volume)
46
3 classifications of anaemia
1. normocytic 2. microcytic 3. macrocytic
47
normal RBC size
78-100 f/l
48
why is there anaemia with normal sized RBC (normocytic anameia)
issue is with the number of RBC
49
name 4 causes of microcytic anaemias
1. thalassaema 2. iron deficiency 3. other Hb defects 4. anaemia of chronic disease
50
name 2 subtypes of macrocytic A
megaloblastic + non-megaloblastic
51
difference between megaloblastic + non-megaloblastic
megaloblastic - results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during RBC production non - mB = no inhibition
52
3 causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemias
1. Vit B9 def 2. Vit B12 def 3. autoimmune (pernicious anaemia)
53
2 causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemias
1. myelodyplastic syndromes | 2. liver disease
54
3 causes of normocytic anaemia
1. anaemia of chronic disease 2. acute blood loss 3. haemolytic anaemia
55
what is haemolytic anaemia
increased rate of RBC destruction
56
4 causes of anaemia of chronic disease
1. cancer 2. rheumatoid arthritis 3. kidney disease 4. drug treatment
57
2 types of haemolytic normocytic A
hereditary/genetic or acquired
58
2 causes of acquired haemolytic normocytic A
environmental or extracorpuscular
59
4 environmental causes of acquired haemolytic normocytic A
drug induced, haemoglobinuria, malaria & E coli, heart value replacement
60
3 extracorpuscular causes of acquired haemolytic normocytic A
1. haemolytic disease of newborn 2. autoimmune haemolytic A 3. disseminated IV coagulation
61
3 hereditary causes of normocytic haemolytic anaemia
1. RBC membrane defects 2. defective RBC metabolism 3. disorder of Hb synthesis
62
2 examples of RBC membrane defects
1. spherocytosis | 2. elliptoctosis
63
2 examples of defective RBC metabolism diseases
1. G6PD deficiency | 2. pyruvate kinase deficiency
64
2 disorders of Hb syntehsis
1. sickle cell A | 2. thalassaemia
65
thalassaemia can be classified as 2 types f anemia; what are they?
microcytic and haemolytic normocytic

2=Haematology (9 decks)

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