7. Transfusion science

Question 1

if RBC contain Ag, where are the Ab to these Ag?

Answer 1

blood plasma

Question 2

from 1937-1939, what was added to blood samples to improve its viability of RBC?

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

what type of molecules are blood group Ag carried on?

Answer 3

glycoproteins

Question 4

where are BG Ag located?

Answer 4

RBC membrane

Question 5

what type of Ab are produced by an immune response?

Answer 5

IgG

Question 6

what 2 things can stimulate an immune response to produce IgG Ab?

Answer 6

blood transfusion, pregnancy

Question 7

what type of Ab are naturally occuring?

Answer 7

IgM

Question 8

what can incompatible ABO transfusion lead to?

Answer 8

IV haemolysis - causing a build up of free Hb which can lead to acute renal failure

Question 9

can naturally occuring IgM cause a reaction with incompatible blood?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

can IgM cross the placenta?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

what is the max number of BG Ag that can be on the RBC surface?

Answer 11

2 - A or B

Question 12

what BG are people wihtout any RBC membrane Ag?

Answer 12

O

Question 13

name 4 BGs

Answer 13

A, B , O, AB

Question 14

what Ab would be present in the plasma of a person with BG A?

Answer 14

Anti-B

Question 15

what Ab would be present in the plasma of a person with BG B?

Answer 15

Anti-A

Question 16

what Ab would be present in the plasma of a person with BG AB?

Answer 16

none

Question 17

what Ab would be present in the plasma of a person with BG O?

Answer 17

anti A and Anti B

Question 18

which is the universal donor?

Answer 18

O

Question 19

which is the univeral acceptor?

Answer 19

AB

Question 20

which parent do you inherit your BG from?

Answer 20

both

Question 21

which BG’s genes are dominant?

Answer 21

A and B

Question 22

which BG Genes are reccessive?

Answer 22

O

Question 23

Is someone has the genotype AO, what BG would they be?

Answer 23

A

Question 24

Is someone has the genotype BO, what BG would they be?

Answer 24

B

Question 25

Is someone has the genotype AB, what BG would they be?

Answer 25

AB

Question 26

Is someone has the genotype OO, what BG would they be?

Answer 26

O

Question 27

the expression of BG is controlled on how many separate genetic loci? what are they?

Answer 27

3 1. ABO on Ch19 2. H on Ch19 (FUT1) 3. Secretor gene on Ch19 (FUT2)

Question 28

the O gene is an AMORPH. what does this mean?

Answer 28

there is no active gene producted - it is a silent gene. No detectable Ag is produced?

Question 29

which Ag is a precursor of A and B Ags?

Answer 29

H antigen

Question 30

what type of molecules are A, B, H AG?

Answer 30

oligosaccharides

Question 31

what is the secretor gene in?

Answer 31

secretions - sweat, saliva, semen

Question 32

biochemistry of Ag O

Answer 32

n-acetylgalactosamine d-galactose N-acetylglucosamine L-frucose

Question 33

biochemistry of Ag A?

Answer 33

Ag O + N-acetylglactosamine

Question 34

biochemistry of Ag B?

Answer 34

Ag O + D-galactose

Question 35

what do subtypes of AB groups depend on?

Answer 35

variability of A, B and H Ag on RBC surface

Question 36

2 Rh group possibilies/?

Answer 36

+ve or -ve

Question 37

6 alleles of Rh groups

Answer 37

C c D d E e

Question 38

which Rh alleles are dominant?

Answer 38

all are co-dominant

Question 39

which Rh is AMORPH? - why?

Answer 39

d - it doesnt produce a g Ag of anti-d Ab

Question 40

which 2 genes code for all Rh alleles? which Ch are they on?

Answer 40

RhD and RhCE - Ch1

Question 41

what does Rh +ve mean?

Answer 41

Rh D+ve - the RhD gene is present

Question 42

what does Rh -ve mean?

Answer 42

Rh D-ve - the RhD gene is absent

Question 43

major disorder associated with Rh D Ag?

Answer 43

haemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 44

is the Anti-D Ab naturally occuring? what type of Ab is it then?

Answer 44

no - must be IgG

Question 45

at what temp does the Ab react?

Answer 45

37

Question 46

is Anti-D able to cross the placenta?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

which Rh system is used in the UK?

Answer 47

Fisher's CDE system

Question 48

how many haplotypes does Fisher's CDE system produce?

Answer 48

8

Question 49

other than Fisher's CDE system, what is the other model?

Answer 49

two-locus model

Question 50

what are the genes involved in the two-locus mode?

Answer 50

RhD and RhCE

Question 51

how many haplotypes does the two-locus model produce?

Answer 51

8

Question 52

7 other BGs

Answer 52

1. Kell 2. Kidd 3. Duffy 4. Lewis 5. MNS 6. P 7. Lutheran

Question 53

are the these BG naturally occuring or occur as an immune response? what types of Ab would they be then? 1. Kell 2. Kidd 3. Duffy 4. Lewis 5. MNS 6. P 7. Lutheran

Answer 53

produced as immune response - IgG

Question 54

how to test blood prior to transfusion for matching?

Answer 54

1. match ABO BG 2. add donor blood to recipient 3. check for coagulation - i) no coag = no Ab = safe ii) coag = anti-Ab (alloAb) are present = not safe

Question 55

what are you testing for in the recipient blood? Ag or Ab?

Answer 55

Ab - so donor blood isnt destroyed

Question 56

if recipient had Anti-K Abs, what donor blood would you give it ?

Answer 56

K-ve blood