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Biology > 1. Macromolecules > Flashcards

1. Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what gives water high surface tension?

A

the water molecule assimetry

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2
Q

which qualities of water allow it to moderate temperature?

A
  1. high specific heat capacity
  2. high latent heat of vaporization
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3
Q

why does ice float?

A

ice is less dense than liquid water

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4
Q

what solution is used to test monosaccharides?

A

BENEDIKTI—–> CuO is precipitated (red color)

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5
Q

the monomers of maltose :

A

glucose + glucose

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6
Q

the monomers of sucrose:

A

glucose + fructose

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7
Q

position of glycosidic linkage in maltose:

A

1-4

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8
Q

position of glycosidic linkage in sucrose:

A

1-2

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9
Q

position of glycosidic linkage in starch:

A

1-4

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10
Q

starch consists of:

A

amylose + amylopectin

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11
Q

amylose chains are:

A

long
unbranched

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12
Q

amylopectin chains are:

A

short
branched chains
branches in positions 1-6

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13
Q

glycogen is found in?

A

bacteres + animals

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14
Q

linkages in glycogen?

A

1-6 // similar to amylopectin

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15
Q

position of cellulose glycosidic linkages?

A

1-4

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16
Q

the structure of cellulose?

A

beta glucose
long
straight
unbranched molecules

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17
Q

where is chitin found?

A
  1. Fungi// cell wall
  2. Arthropods// exoskeleton
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18
Q

the difference between cellulose and chitin is that :

A

chitin contains a nitrogen attachment to its structure

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19
Q

saturated fats qualities

A

-solid at room temp.
-animal fats
-no double bonds

20
Q

unsaturated fats qualities

A

-liquid at room temp.
-plant and fish fats
-healthy fats
-one or more double bonds

21
Q

what is the reason that fats are hydrophobic?

A

the non-polar bonds C-H

22
Q

what does a triglyceride consist of and how many water molecules are released during the formation of the 3 ester linkages?

A

-triglyceride= 1 glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
-3 water molecules (1 water molecule per linkage)

23
Q

what does a phospholipid consist of?

A

phospholipid= the non-polar bonds C-H

24
Q

why is the head of the phospholipid hydrophilic?

A

because it contains a phosphate group which is NEGATIVELY charged

25
Q

the chemical formula of cholesterol :

A

C27H46O

26
Q

where is cholesterol found?

A

only in animal cells

27
Q

how is cholesterol transported in the blood?

A

it is transported by low-density lipoproteins
LDL-s

28
Q

the structure of cholesterol

A

-hydrophilic head which consists of 4 fused rings
-hydrophobic tail with C-H linkages

29
Q

what does cholesterol do to the cell membrane at relatively high temperatures?

A

cholesterol makes the membrane LESS FLUID
by restraining phospholipid movement

30
Q

what determines how a protein works?

A

the structure of the protein

31
Q

how is the tertiary structure formed?

A

it is a result of the interaction of the side chains/ R groups
-It is a hydrophobic interaction

32
Q

what is a side chain in the structure of the aa?

A

the R group

33
Q

what kind of bonds are disulfide bonds?

A

they are covalent bonds between two S atoms

-C-SH-SH-C-

34
Q

what is collagen?

A

a fibrous protein/ 4th structure

35
Q

the structure of collagen

A

it is made of 3 identical helical polypeptides (not alpha-helix ones)

1 in 3 aa of each of the 3 helical polypeptides is Glycin

36
Q

the role of glycin in the structure of collagen

A

it is the smallest and simplest aa, that keeps the fibers close

3 helical polypeptides—–> (covalent bonds) Fibrile ———->(covalent + hydrogen bonds) Fibres

37
Q

what do prokaryotic cells use to convey a message from DNA to ribosomes?

A

mRNA, which has no introns

38
Q

nucleoside

A

the part of the nucleotide without any phosphate group

39
Q

pyrimidines structure

A

have 1 six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

40
Q

purines structure

A

have 1 six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms fused to a five-membered ring
-are larger than pyrimidines

41
Q

the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

the second carbon in deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom (they are both pentoses)

42
Q

how can we differentiate the 5’ end from 3’?

A

by knowing the position of the phosphate group

43
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that act as enzymes

44
Q

are cofactors protein or non-protein helpers?

A

they are non-protein helpers
cofactors can be
1. Inorganic (zinc, iron, copper in ionic form)
2. Organic cofactors called COENZYMES (vitamines, NAD+, FAD+)

45
Q

are vitamines organic or non-organic molecules?

A

organic

46
Q

name of the enzyme which hydrolyses the peptide bond between 2 aa?

A

ENDOpeptidase

Biology (13 decks)

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