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Biology > 2. Cell > Flashcards

2. Cell Flashcards

1
Q

which are the 3 most important parameters in microscopy?

A
  1. Magnification
  2. Resolution
  3. Contrast
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2
Q

magnification

A

the ratio between an object image size/ its real size

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3
Q

resolution

A

the clarity of an image/ the minimum distance between two points

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4
Q

contrast

A

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of a microscope

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5
Q

LM (light/optical) horoscope is best used

A

for viewing cells/ bacteria
when dealing with living cells

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6
Q

phase-contrast microscope

A

used with living cells
uses light
uncolored parameters

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7
Q

EM-electron microscope is suited

A

for viewing viruses and molecules
but cannot view atoms

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8
Q

cell fractionation order:

A

dissociated cells
nuclei and cellular debris
mitochondria/chloroplasts/lysosomes
microsomes= pieces of cell’s internal membranes
ribosomes

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9
Q

which domains contain prokaryotic cells?

A

organisms of the domains
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea

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10
Q

what is glycocalyx?

A

the outer coating/ capsule of a bacterial cell

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11
Q

which organelles have 2 membranes

A

nuclei
mitochondrion
chloroplasts

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12
Q

one membrane-bound organelles:

A

ER
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxysomes
vacuole

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13
Q

non-membrane-bound organelles:

A

ribosomes
centrioles
flagellum
cilia
cytoskeleton

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14
Q

which structures are acidophiles? (kane reaksion bazik?)

A

cytoplasm (ph>7)
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton
hemoglobin
collagen

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15
Q

where is circular DNA found?

A

plasmids
mitochondrion
chloroplast
extrachromosomal circular DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

what do ribosomes contain?

A

rRNA and small portions of tRNA and mRNA

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17
Q

what is a peptide signal?

A

a code in the transcribed protein that decides the destination of the protein

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18
Q

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for:

A

the nucleus
mitochondrion
chloroplasts
cytoskeleton
peroxisomes
enzymes that function in the cytosol

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19
Q

Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for:

A

secretion
Golgi
ER
lysosomes
cell membrane

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20
Q

what does the endomembrane system include?

A

the nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
vacuole
plasma membrane

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21
Q

where is cholesterol produced?

A

smooth ER

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22
Q

how is the detoxification carried out by smooth ER in liver cells?

A

by adding hydroxyl (OH) groups to drugs

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23
Q

which is the main zone of protein synthesis?

A

rough ER

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24
Q

Diktiosome

A

a second name for the Golgi apparatus

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25
Q

Golgi’s two sides are:

A
  1. the CIS face= on the same side as the ER and is a similar membrane to the ER’s
  2. the TRANS face= on the opposite side of the ER
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26
Q

where does the further modification of molecules happen in Golgi?

A

as they pass from the Cis face to the Trans face

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27
Q

which organelle is considered the second station of cellular transport?

A

Golgi

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28
Q

how are molecules transported from ER to Golgi

A

via vesicles as Golgi and ER are not directly linked

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29
Q

which side of Golgi secretes the productions of the organelle?

A

the Trans side and the secretions go and fuse with the plasma membrane or go to the cell wall

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30
Q

where are the secretory proteins produced?

A

ER

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31
Q

where are the membrane proteins produced?

A

ER

32
Q

where are the lipids produced?

A

ER

33
Q

where are the glycoproteins produced?

A

ER(first modification) and Golgi (last modification)

34
Q

where are the glycolipids produced?

A

Golgi

35
Q

where are hydrolytic enzymes(me natyre glukproteinike) and the lysosomal membrane produced?

A

Golgi apparatus

36
Q

the pH inside lysosomes?

A

acid pH 5/ 5,5

37
Q

why don’t the enzymes inside the lysosome hydrolise its membrane?

A

due to glycolised proteins:
LIMP
LAMP
LGP

38
Q

Autophagy meaning?

A

lysosomes recycle the organic material of damaged organelles

39
Q

TAY-SACH disease is the result of?

A

missing or inactive lipid-digesting enzyme
therefore the brain becomes weakened due to lipid accumulation in the cells

40
Q

how does the large central vacuole in cell plants develop?

A

it develops from smaller vacuoles

41
Q

what is CELL SAP?

A

the solution inside the central vacuole

42
Q

which membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth and thick and more permeable?

A

the outer membrane

43
Q

what is the function of the cell sap?

A

main storage of inorganic ions
K+
Cl-

44
Q

cristae

A

infoldings of the inner complicated membrane of the mitochondrion

45
Q

from which parent is the mitochondrion circular DNA inherited?

A

only from the mother

46
Q

which phospholipids are found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

A

Kardiolipine
Termogenine

47
Q

what is required for the formation of chlorophyll?

A

light
magnesium salt
iron ions

48
Q

amyloplast

A

colorless organelle that stores starch

49
Q

what do the enzymes of peroxisomes do?

A

remove hydrogen from molecules
bind H to oxygen
forms H2O2
converts H2O2 to H2O

50
Q

where are GLYOXYSOMES found and what do they do?

A

found in the lipid-storing tissue of plant seeds
-converts fatty acids to sugar

51
Q

the components of the cytoskeleton are:

A
  1. microtubules- tubulin
  2. microfilaments actin
  3. intermediate filaments keratine + other proteins
52
Q

which is the thickest component of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

53
Q

the main function of microtubules is:

A

chromosome movement during cell division

54
Q

the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments

55
Q

dimer structure?

A

1 dimer= 1 alpha tubuline + 1 beta tubuline

56
Q

the function of intermediate filaments?

A

formation of the nuclear lamina
(the structure between chromatin and inner nuclei membrane)

57
Q

centrioles structure

A

9x3 microtubules
only in animal cells

58
Q

cilia structure

A

9x2 microtubules
movement back-and-forth/ flip flop

59
Q

flagellum structure

A

9x2 microtubules
fish movement like swimming

60
Q

basal body structure

A

9x0
is found in the flagellum of the sperm, enters the egg, and becomes a centriole

61
Q

Dyneins

A

large motor proteins that allow the movement of flagellum/cilia

62
Q

ECM

A

the extracellular matrix

63
Q

the main components of ECM are:

A

glycoproteins (the most abundant is collagen)
other carbohydrates

64
Q

The function of ECM is :

A

it communicates with the cells through INTEGRINS (proteins) so as to regulate cell behavior

65
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

66
Q

Amphipathic molecules examples:

A

membrane lipids
membrane proteins

67
Q

How is the membrane held together?

A

the membrane is mainly held together by Hydrophobic interactions which are weaker than covalent bonds

68
Q

how do phospholipids move?

A

they move sideways in a rapid way
rarely a lipid may move from one layer to the other

69
Q

How do plants resist the winter since they have no cholesterol?

A

they increase the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids

70
Q

what do channel proteins (integrals) transport?

A
  1. huge portions of water (aquaporins)
  2. ions soluble in water
71
Q

what do carrier proteins transport?

A

they transport glucose
they are specific (for example: the ones that transport glucose do not transport fructose even though they are similar isomers)

72
Q

is there net movement in isotonic solutions?

A

no there is no net movement
water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate

73
Q

CD4 and CCR5

A

proteins in immune cells that help HIV infect them leading to AIDS. firstly HIV must bind to CD4.
To infect the cell it must connect to CCR5 too. If CCR5 is missing the virus can’t enter the cell.

-CD4 and CCR5 are protein receptors

74
Q

electrogenic pump

A

a transport protein that generates voltage across the membrane
example: sodium-potassium pump

75
Q

what is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

the protein involved

76
Q

what form of transport does cholesterol use to enter cells?

A

through Receptor-mediated endocytosis (a specific type of pinocytosis)

77
Q

is pinocytosis specific?

A

no

Biology (13 decks)

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