2. Cell

Question 1

which are the 3 most important parameters in microscopy?

Answer 1

1. Magnification
2. Resolution
3. Contrast

Question 2

magnification

Answer 2

the ratio between an object image size/ its real size

Question 3

resolution

Answer 3

the clarity of an image/ the minimum distance between two points

Question 4

contrast

Answer 4

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of a microscope

Question 5

LM (light/optical) horoscope is best used

Answer 5

for viewing cells/ bacteria
when dealing with living cells

Question 6

phase-contrast microscope

Answer 6

used with living cells
uses light
uncolored parameters

Question 7

EM-electron microscope is suited

Answer 7

for viewing viruses and molecules
but cannot view atoms

Question 8

cell fractionation order:

Answer 8

dissociated cells
nuclei and cellular debris
mitochondria/chloroplasts/lysosomes
microsomes= pieces of cell’s internal membranes
ribosomes

Question 9

which domains contain prokaryotic cells?

Answer 9

organisms of the domains
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea

Question 10

what is glycocalyx?

Answer 10

the outer coating/ capsule of a bacterial cell

Question 11

which organelles have 2 membranes

Answer 11

nuclei
mitochondrion
chloroplasts

Question 12

one membrane-bound organelles:

Answer 12

ER
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxysomes
vacuole

Question 13

non-membrane-bound organelles:

Answer 13

ribosomes
centrioles
flagellum
cilia
cytoskeleton

Question 14

which structures are acidophiles? (kane reaksion bazik?)

Answer 14

cytoplasm (ph>7)
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton
hemoglobin
collagen

Question 15

where is circular DNA found?

Answer 15

plasmids
mitochondrion
chloroplast
extrachromosomal circular DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 16

what do ribosomes contain?

Answer 16

rRNA and small portions of tRNA and mRNA

Question 17

what is a peptide signal?

Answer 17

a code in the transcribed protein that decides the destination of the protein

Question 18

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for:

Answer 18

the nucleus
mitochondrion
chloroplasts
cytoskeleton
peroxisomes
enzymes that function in the cytosol

Question 19

Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins for:

Answer 19

secretion
Golgi
ER
lysosomes
cell membrane

Question 20

what does the endomembrane system include?

Answer 20

the nuclear envelope
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
vacuole
plasma membrane

Question 21

where is cholesterol produced?

Answer 21

smooth ER

Question 22

how is the detoxification carried out by smooth ER in liver cells?

Answer 22

by adding hydroxyl (OH) groups to drugs

Question 23

which is the main zone of protein synthesis?

Answer 23

rough ER

Question 24

Diktiosome

Answer 24

a second name for the Golgi apparatus

Question 25

Golgi's two sides are:

Answer 25

1. the CIS face= on the same side as the ER and is a similar membrane to the ER's 2. the TRANS face= on the opposite side of the ER

Question 26

where does the further modification of molecules happen in Golgi?

Answer 26

as they pass from the Cis face to the Trans face

Question 27

which organelle is considered the second station of cellular transport?

Answer 27

Golgi

Question 28

how are molecules transported from ER to Golgi

Answer 28

via vesicles as Golgi and ER are not directly linked

Question 29

which side of Golgi secretes the productions of the organelle?

Answer 29

the Trans side and the secretions go and fuse with the plasma membrane or go to the cell wall

Question 30

where are the secretory proteins produced?

Answer 30

ER

Question 31

where are the membrane proteins produced?

Answer 31

ER

Question 32

where are the lipids produced?

Answer 32

ER

Question 33

where are the glycoproteins produced?

Answer 33

ER(first modification) and Golgi (last modification)

Question 34

where are the glycolipids produced?

Answer 34

Golgi

Question 35

where are hydrolytic enzymes(me natyre glukproteinike) and the lysosomal membrane produced?

Answer 35

Golgi apparatus

Question 36

the pH inside lysosomes?

Answer 36

acid pH 5/ 5,5

Question 37

why don't the enzymes inside the lysosome hydrolise its membrane?

Answer 37

due to glycolised proteins: LIMP LAMP LGP

Question 38

Autophagy meaning?

Answer 38

lysosomes recycle the organic material of damaged organelles

Question 39

TAY-SACH disease is the result of?

Answer 39

missing or inactive lipid-digesting enzyme therefore the brain becomes weakened due to lipid accumulation in the cells

Question 40

how does the large central vacuole in cell plants develop?

Answer 40

it develops from smaller vacuoles

Question 41

what is CELL SAP?

Answer 41

the solution inside the central vacuole

Question 42

which membrane of the mitochondrion is smooth and thick and more permeable?

Answer 42

the outer membrane

Question 43

what is the function of the cell sap?

Answer 43

main storage of inorganic ions K+ Cl-

Question 44

cristae

Answer 44

infoldings of the inner complicated membrane of the mitochondrion

Question 45

from which parent is the mitochondrion circular DNA inherited?

Answer 45

only from the mother

Question 46

which phospholipids are found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Answer 46

Kardiolipine Termogenine

Question 47

what is required for the formation of chlorophyll?

Answer 47

light magnesium salt iron ions

Question 48

amyloplast

Answer 48

colorless organelle that stores starch

Question 49

what do the enzymes of peroxisomes do?

Answer 49

remove hydrogen from molecules bind H to oxygen forms H2O2 converts H2O2 to H2O

Question 50

where are GLYOXYSOMES found and what do they do?

Answer 50

found in the lipid-storing tissue of plant seeds -converts fatty acids to sugar

Question 51

the components of the cytoskeleton are:

Answer 51

1. microtubules- tubulin 2. microfilaments actin 3. intermediate filaments keratine + other proteins

Question 52

which is the thickest component of the cytoskeleton

Answer 52

microtubules

Question 53

the main function of microtubules is:

Answer 53

chromosome movement during cell division

Question 54

the thinnest component of the cytoskeleton

Answer 54

microfilaments

Question 55

dimer structure?

Answer 55

1 dimer= 1 alpha tubuline + 1 beta tubuline

Question 56

the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 56

formation of the nuclear lamina (the structure between chromatin and inner nuclei membrane)

Question 57

centrioles structure

Answer 57

9x3 microtubules only in animal cells

Question 58

cilia structure

Answer 58

9x2 microtubules movement back-and-forth/ flip flop

Question 59

flagellum structure

Answer 59

9x2 microtubules fish movement like swimming

Question 60

basal body structure

Answer 60

9x0 is found in the flagellum of the sperm, enters the egg, and becomes a centriole

Question 61

Dyneins

Answer 61

large motor proteins that allow the movement of flagellum/cilia

Question 62

ECM

Answer 62

the extracellular matrix

Question 63

the main components of ECM are:

Answer 63

glycoproteins (the most abundant is collagen) other carbohydrates

Question 64

The function of ECM is :

Answer 64

it communicates with the cells through INTEGRINS (proteins) so as to regulate cell behavior

Question 65

Amphipathic molecules

Answer 65

a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 66

Amphipathic molecules examples:

Answer 66

membrane lipids membrane proteins

Question 67

How is the membrane held together?

Answer 67

the membrane is mainly held together by Hydrophobic interactions which are weaker than covalent bonds

Question 68

how do phospholipids move?

Answer 68

they move sideways in a rapid way rarely a lipid may move from one layer to the other

Question 69

How do plants resist the winter since they have no cholesterol?

Answer 69

they increase the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids

Question 70

what do channel proteins (integrals) transport?

Answer 70

1. huge portions of water (aquaporins) 2. ions soluble in water

Question 71

what do carrier proteins transport?

Answer 71

they transport glucose they are specific (for example: the ones that transport glucose do not transport fructose even though they are similar isomers)

Question 72

is there net movement in isotonic solutions?

Answer 72

no there is no net movement water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate

Question 73

CD4 and CCR5

Answer 73

proteins in immune cells that help HIV infect them leading to AIDS. firstly HIV must bind to CD4. To infect the cell it must connect to CCR5 too. If CCR5 is missing the virus can't enter the cell. -CD4 and CCR5 are protein receptors

Question 74

electrogenic pump

Answer 74

a transport protein that generates voltage across the membrane example: sodium-potassium pump

Question 75

what is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Answer 75

the protein involved

Question 76

what form of transport does cholesterol use to enter cells?

Answer 76

through Receptor-mediated endocytosis (a specific type of pinocytosis)

Question 77

is pinocytosis specific?

Answer 77

no