1️⃣ Stress & injury Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is etiology?
The cause or origin of a disease (e.g., smoking causes lung cancer).
What is pathogenesis?
The biological mechanisms through which a disease develops (e.g., genetic mutation triggered by carcinogens).
What is pathology?
The structural and functional changes in cells/tissues/organs due to disease (e.g., tumor formation).
What are clinical manifestations?
Observable signs and symptoms of disease (e.g., breathlessness).
What are complications?
Secondary issues or remote consequences of the primary disease (e.g., metastasis of a tumor).
What is prognosis?
The expected outcome or course of the disease (e.g., remission or death).
What is epidemiology?
The study of how diseases affect populations, including incidence and distribution (e.g., prevalence of lung cancer in smokers).
How would you apply these seven terms to a lung tumour?
Describe its cause (smoking), mechanism (genetic mutation), changes (tumor formation), signs (breathlessness), complications (metastasis), expected course (remission/death), and population data (incidence in smokers).
How does adaptation differ from injury?
Adaptation is a reversible, protective cellular response to stress; injury occurs when cells can no longer adapt and suffer structural or functional damage.
What is hypertrophy and give examples?
Increase in cell size from increased workload; physiological (muscle growth with training), pathological (cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension).
What is hyperplasia and give examples?
Increase in cell number in dividing cells; physiological (puberty changes, liver regeneration), pathological (endometriosis, callous formation).
What is atrophy and give examples?
Decrease in cell size/number via ↓ synthesis or ↑ degradation; physiological (post-pregnancy uterine shrinkage), pathological (disuse atrophy, malnutrition, denervation).
What is metaplasia and give examples?
Change of one cell type to another via stem cell reprogramming; smoking (columnar → squamous), chronic reflux (squamous → gastric columnar).
Name the categories of injury-inducing stimuli.
Hypoxia, chemical agents, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances, physical agents, aging.
What causes hypoxia and its effects?
Causes: pneumonia, hemorrhage, CO poisoning, ischemia; effect: disrupts aerobic respiration.
Give examples of harmful chemical injury.
Alcohol (liver cirrhosis), drugs, pollutants, osmotic imbalances (salt/glucose), oxygen toxicity.
List infectious agents and examples.
Bacteria (Staph aureus), viruses (HIV), fungi (Candida), parasites (hookworms), prions (cause brain vacuolation).
Give examples of immunologic injury.
Autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), hypersensitivity reactions, graft rejection, immune suppression (chemotherapy-induced).
Give examples of genetic injury.
Congenital malformations (Down syndrome), single-base mutations (Tay-Sachs disease → GM2 accumulation).
Describe nutritional injury types.
Deficiency (malnutrition, rickets from Vit D deficiency), excess (obesity, T2D, hypertension, hyperlipidemia).
List physical injury agents.
Trauma, thermal injury (burns, hyper/hypothermia), electrical injury, radiation, atmospheric pressure changes.
How does aging injure cells?
Progressive decline in cell function and viability due to genetic and environmental factors.
