3️⃣ Acute Inflammation: Recognition and Activation

Question 1

What PRRs recognise PAMPs and DAMPs?

Answer 1

Toll-like receptors (e.g. TLR4 binds LPS) and inflammasomes (e.g. NLRP3 sensing ATP, uric acid).

Question 2

How do resident macrophages initiate recruitment?

Answer 2

They release IL-1, TNF, chemokines, and prostaglandins which activate endothelium and attract leukocytes.

Question 3

Which microbial products activate leukocytes?

Answer 3

N-formyl peptides induce chemotaxis and cytoskeletal changes; LPS (via CD14/TLR4) triggers ROS and cytokine production.

Question 4

Which host mediators activate leukocytes?

Answer 4

IFN-γ, other cytokines, chemokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g. leukotrienes).