3️⃣ Vascular change in acute inflammation

Question 1

What is the sequence of vascular events in acute inflammation?

Answer 1

1) Transient vasoconstriction; 2) Arteriolar vasodilation → redness, heat; 3) Increased permeability → swelling; 4) Stasis → leukocyte margination.

Question 2

Which mediators cause arteriolar vasodilation?

Answer 2

Histamine and nitric oxide (NO).

Question 3

Which mediators increase vascular permeability?

Answer 3

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes (C4, D4, E4), and direct endothelial injury.

Question 4

What roles do mast cells and endothelium play in vascular changes?

Answer 4

Mast cells degranulate histamine; endothelium responds by expressing adhesion molecules and contracting to allow leakage.

Question 5

Name four mechanisms that increase vascular permeability.

Answer 5

1) Endothelial cell contraction; 2) Direct endothelial injury; 3) Leukocyte-mediated damage; 4) Increased transcytosis.

Question 6

How do histamine and bradykinin increase permeability?

Answer 6

They induce endothelial cell contraction, widening intercellular gaps.

Question 7

Distinguish transudate from exudate.

Answer 7

Transudate: low protein, clear fluid from hydrostatic/osmotic imbalance; Exudate: high protein, cellular, from increased permeability.